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Drug Use
Part1
Drug Abuse
• Two types of dependence
• Psychological- the conditioned use of a
drug caused by underlying emotional
needs.
• Physical- physiological need for a drug
that has been brought on by regular use.
Withdrawal sickness when drug is stopped
Classifications of Drugs
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•
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Narcotics
Depressants
Stimulants
Hallucinogens
Anabolic steroids
Narcotics
• Analgesics- relieve pain by exerting a
depressing action on the central nervous
system.
• The source of most is from opium
• Will most likely cause physical
dependence
• Morphine, heroin, methadone, codeine,
oxycontin
Drug use part 2
Depressants
• Relax the CNS, create a sense of well
being, produce sleep and stupor.
• Alcohol (ethyl alcohol)
• Barbituates-downers, quaaludes
• Tranquilizers- relaxing effect without sleep.
Valium and librium
• Glue sniffing or huffing
Stimulants
*amphetamines-group of drugs that
stimulate the CNS, provide feeling of
increased alertness followed by decreased
fatigue and loss of appetite.
Methamphetamines, ice, uppers, speed
Stimulants cont.
• Cocaine- powerful stimulant to CNS.
Increased alertness, vigor, suppression of
hunger, fatigue and boredom. Provides a
sense of euphoria by stimulating pleasure
center in the brain that controls emotions
• Crack- smoked
• Coke-powder that is snorted
Hallucinogens
• Can cause marked alterations in normal
thought processed, perceptions and
moods.
• Marijuana-most widely used illicit drug .
Most potent form is liquid hashish made by
soaking in solvent, looks like tar.
• LSD, PCP, MDMA are other hallucinogens
Anabolic steroids
• Synthetic compounds that are chemically
related to testosterone. Produce muscle
mass and male characteristics.
• Causes liver cancer, infertility, diminished
sex drive, halting bone growth,
unprovoked anger, and unpredictable
moods.
Drug Use Part 3
Oxyconone, LSD, ICE,Ecstasy
Opium
Controlled Substance Act
• Classification system for dangerous
substances based on the drug’s potential
for abuse, physical and psychological
dependence, and medical value.
• Five schedules I is the most dangerous.
Control act schedules
• I – high potential for abuse, no medical
value. Heroin, marijuana, LSD
• II- high potential for abuse, medical use
limited. Cocaine, PCP, other opiums
• III- small potential for abuse, medical uses.
Codeine, barbituates
• IV-low potential for abuse, valium
• V- very low potential for abuse, most nonnarcotics.
Federal Penalties
• Schedule I
• 15 years/$125,000
• Schedule II
15 years/$125,000
• Schedule III
5 years/$50,000
• Schedule IV
$25,000
• Schedule V
• 1 year/$10,000
Drug Use Part 4
Drug Identification
• Presented with many different pills,
powders, tablets, capsules, vegetable
matter, liquids, pipes, cigarettes and
syringes.
• Chemist must make 100% ID no room for
error.
ID cont.
• Screening tests are done first to reduce
the number of possibilities.
• Color tests
– Marquis- purple for heroin, morphine, opiums
orange-brown for amphetamines, meth
– Dillie-Koppanyi- violet blue for barbituates
– Duquenois-Loevine- purple for marijuana
– VanUrk- blue purple for LSD
– Scott test- blue for cocaine
Screening test cont.
• Microcrystalline tests- when a drop of
chemical reagent is added to a drop of
drug on microscope slide, the a crystalline
precipitate will form. These crystals are
specific for each drug. Most of the
common drugs of abuse are cataloged for
comparison.
Chromatography
• Used to separate drugs from the diluents
to help in the identification process.
• Based on the fact that chemical
substances will escape into the
surrounding environment when dissolved
in a liquid or absorbed on to a solid.
• Measured in retention time Rt
Chromatography cont.
• Gas chromatography- separates mixtures based
on distribution between stationary liquid phase
and moving gas phase.
• High performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC) stationary phase is a thin film moving
phase is gas. Room temp good for LSD
• Thin layer chromatography (TLC)- stationary
phase is gel, moving is liquid. Used for tentative
ID by running known next to unknown.
Chromatographs
TLC & paper chrom.
Drug Use Part 5
Spectrophotometry
• Based on the absorption of light in the UV
and IR regions of the light spectrum.
• The UV spectrum only gives a probable
ID.
• The IR spectrophotometry is one of the
few ways to specifically ID a substance.
Can produce a “fingerprint” of a drug but
only in the purest form.
Spectrophotometer
Mass Spectrometry
• Under carefully controlled conditions, no
two substances produce the same
fragmentation patterns.
• Often paired with a gas chromatograph
(GC) to purify before running and getting
optimal results.
• Test is called GC/MS
• Can run very small amounts
GC/MS
Drug Use Part 7
Sequence of testing
• Screening
– Color test
– Microcrystalline test
– Chromatography
• Use GC paired with Mass spectrometry for
positive ID
• Use IR spectrophotometry for positive ID
Collection and Preservation
Usually best to keep in the original
packaging.
If volatile substance, put in air tight
container.
Mark all packages with enough information
so the officer can ID it during trial.
Investigator needs to supply any info that
could lead to positive ID
Drug Use Part 7