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Integument PA 544 Clinical Anatomy Dr. Tony Serino Integument System: Skin • Functions: – Protection • Germ and water proof barrier, abrasion resistant – Sensory • Organ in first contact with external environment – Homeostasis • Thermoregulation (excretory), Ca++ balance – Communication • Muscle attachment • Secretes phermones –for communicating Layers of the Skin • Epidermis – Outermost layer, composed of keratinocytes • Dermis – Thickest layer, composed of many connective tissues and is the site for many glands and other epidermal derivatives • Subcutaneous layer (Hypodermis) – Attaches skin to underlying structures • Composed of 4-5 layers of keratinocytes which is formed into a stratified squamous epithelium • Main gene product is keratin, a water insoluble protein • Some cells from the dermis invade and reside in the epidermis’ deepest layers including Merkel cells, Langerhans cells, and melanocytes Epidermis (basale) Melanocytes: produce melanin Tattoo –voluntary injection of ink below epidermis Acne Rosacea – permanent reddening of skin on face, especially. Maybe due to drug interactions, alcohol, spicy foods, TB, syphilis, or lupus Other Pigmentations Wine Stain –birth mark due to overgrowth of blood vessels in skin • Composed of a mixture of CT, including dense irregular, loose areolar, elastic, and adipose tissues • Divided into 2 regions: – Papillary layer: region of dermal papillae – Reticular layer: thickest layer of skin, provides strength, elasticity and space for glands, hair follicles, etc. – creates tension lines of skin Dermis Papillary Region Reticular Region Hypodermis Dermal Papillae: arranged into regular patterns in palms and soles Burns 1st 2nd 3rd Skin Cancers Squamous cell carcinoma Basal cell carcinoma Melanoma Epidermal Derivatives • Structures which grow from the epidermis but reside mostly in the dermis • Nails, Hair, and glands of skin Nail Nail Fold Nail Matrix Nail Bed Hair Hair shaft Sebaceous gland Hair root Hair papilla Hair Bulb Epidermal Glands • Sebaceous glands –secretes sebum (an oil) used to maintain skin and hair moisture • Ceruminous glands –secretes cerumen (ear wax), used to keep foreign objects out of ear • Sudoriferous (sweat) glands –secrete sweat (water with some salts), used in heat regulation and in phermone secretion: two types: Apocrine and Eccrine (Merocrine) • Mammary Glands –secrete milk Sweat Glands Breast Breast Cancer and Mammograms Normal Tumor Mammary gland