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Integument
PA 544
Clinical Anatomy
Dr. Tony Serino
Integument System: Skin
• Functions:
– Protection
• Germ and water proof barrier, abrasion resistant
– Sensory
• Organ in first contact with external environment
– Homeostasis
• Thermoregulation (excretory), Ca++ balance
– Communication
• Muscle attachment
• Secretes phermones –for communicating
Layers of the Skin
• Epidermis
– Outermost layer, composed
of keratinocytes
• Dermis
– Thickest layer, composed of
many connective tissues and
is the site for many glands
and other epidermal
derivatives
• Subcutaneous layer
(Hypodermis)
– Attaches skin to underlying
structures
• Composed of 4-5 layers of keratinocytes which is formed
into a stratified squamous epithelium
• Main gene product is keratin, a water insoluble protein
• Some cells from the dermis invade and reside in the
epidermis’ deepest layers including Merkel cells,
Langerhans cells, and melanocytes
Epidermis
(basale)
Melanocytes: produce melanin
Tattoo –voluntary
injection of ink
below epidermis
Acne Rosacea –
permanent reddening of skin
on face, especially. Maybe
due to drug interactions,
alcohol, spicy foods, TB,
syphilis, or lupus
Other Pigmentations
Wine Stain –birth
mark due to
overgrowth of blood
vessels in skin
• Composed of a mixture of CT, including dense irregular,
loose areolar, elastic, and adipose tissues
• Divided into 2 regions:
– Papillary layer: region of dermal papillae
– Reticular layer: thickest layer of skin, provides strength, elasticity
and space for glands, hair follicles, etc.
– creates tension lines of skin
Dermis
Papillary
Region
Reticular
Region
Hypodermis
Dermal Papillae:
arranged into regular patterns in palms and soles
Burns
1st
2nd
3rd
Skin Cancers
Squamous cell carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma
Melanoma
Epidermal Derivatives
• Structures which grow from the epidermis
but reside mostly in the dermis
• Nails, Hair, and glands of skin
Nail
Nail Fold
Nail
Matrix
Nail Bed
Hair
Hair shaft
Sebaceous gland
Hair root
Hair papilla
Hair Bulb
Epidermal Glands
• Sebaceous glands –secretes sebum (an oil)
used to maintain skin and hair moisture
• Ceruminous glands –secretes cerumen (ear
wax), used to keep foreign objects out of ear
• Sudoriferous (sweat) glands –secrete sweat
(water with some salts), used in heat
regulation and in phermone secretion: two
types: Apocrine and Eccrine (Merocrine)
• Mammary Glands –secrete milk
Sweat Glands
Breast
Breast Cancer and Mammograms
Normal
Tumor
Mammary
gland