Download Chapter 3 Hormones and Sexuality

Chapter 5
Sexually Transmitted Infections and
Sexually Related Diseases (part 2 of 2)
HIV Infection and AIDS
Terms to Review
• Immune System
• AIDS
• HIV
Progression of HIV Infection
Primary HIV infection
Asymptomatic HIV infection
Symptomatic HIV Infection
Healthy person has 1000 – 1200 CD4+ cells
per cubic millimeter of blood
When level falls below 500, symptoms generally
appear
From HIV to an AIDS Diagnosis
AIDS diagnosis
Weakened immune system leads to wide variety
of opportunistic infections
Long-term Nonprogressors
Some people progress to AIDS quickly, but
others do not
Related factors include:
 Already weakened immune system
 Early, effective medical treatment
 Subtype (strain) of HIV
 Viral load
Where and When did HIV Originate?
•
Conspiracy theories not supported
•
Many forms of SIV (simian
immunodeficiency virus exist in several
monkeys)
•
HIV-1 likely came from chimpanzees
How HIV is NOT spread!
HIV is NOT spread
by mosquitoes
or caregivers…
How is HIV spread?
Three primary means:
• Sexual contact with
infected person
• Exposure to infected
blood
• Mother to infant
during birth or breast
feeding
Why is sex risky?
CD4+ cells are
normally present in
sexual fluids
If any bleeding
occurring during sex
increases the risk
Sexual fluids are
often deposited in or
on mucous
membranes which
allow HIV to pass
through and into
bloodstream
How about oral sex and kissing?
•
Oral-genital sex is far less risky than vaginal
or anal intercourse, partially because of
inhibiting substances in saliva
•
Kissing is almost always safe
Donating your blood is 100% safe!
In U.S. new,
disposable needles
used to collect
donated blood
Receiving HIV in
blood transfusion
is highly unlikely,
since all blood in
U.S. is tested for
HIV
Effective
treatments for
HIV+ mothers
greatly decrease
chances of their
babies becoming
infected
Who has HIV/AIDS?
90% of persons
infected with HIV
live in developing
nations
28 million
people have
already died from
AIDS worldwide
HIV/AIDS in the United States
•
In 2005 there
were 40,608
new cases of
AIDS
•
Although HIV
rates continue
to climb, new
cases of AIDs
are down due
to new drug
therapies
A Gay Man’s Disease?
•
HIV/AIDS spread rapidly within promiscuous subset
of U.S. gay male population before disease was
known
•
Worldwide, largest proportion of new HIV infections
is acquired by male-female sex
•
Today disproportionate number of new AIDS cases
among African Americans and Latinos
AIDS in Africa: A Look into the Future?
“…the potential for this disease being much worse
than anything mankind has seen before.”
Common myth that man can be cured through
sex with virgin
In many areas over 25% of adults are infected
In Zambia over half of children have lost one or
both parents to AIDS
Economies are collapsing
The Human Side of AIDS
•
Personal tragedy for family, friends, and
family
•
Progression from HIV to AIDS speeded by
stressful life events
•
Productive lives for years after being
diagnosed possible for some
•
Hope and positive support important
Testing for HIV
•
Very expensive
•
Measure antibodies to HIV
•
Available at rapid results testing sites
•
Urine and saliva tests now available
Treatment for HIV/AIDS: Hope and
Limitations
•
Antiretroviral drugs
•
Fusion inhibitor drugs
•
DAPY
•
Combination drugs
•
Often devastating side effects
No Cure in Sight
•
Greatest hope for patients who begin
antiretroviral drug cocktail shortly after
becoming infected
•
30 vaccines are being tested in humans
Public Reactions to AIDS
•
AIDS stigma
•
Failure to reveal infection
•
State anti-discrimination laws
Personal Reflections
What do you do to protect yourself from
sexually transmitted infections?
Now that you have learned more about STIs,
what changes in your sexual life do you plan
to make to better protect yourself?
Parasitic Infestations
Pubic Lice, or “crabs”
• Attach to pubic hair
and feed on blood
•
Cause intense
itching
•
Spread by skin-toskin contact
Getting Rid of the Little Buggers
Use very hot water to
wash clothing and linens
to prevent re-infestation
Use medicated
shampoo and
lotion from
pharmacist
Scabies
Pearly-white itch mites
• Burrow under skin
• Common in crowded conditions
• Sexual contact is not necessary
• Treated with medicated soap from
pharmacist
Pinworms
Small worms
• Live in large intestine
• Generally transmitted through nonsexual
contact with the worms’ eggs
• Can be transmitted sexually by manual or
oral contact with the anus of infected person
• Requires medical attention
Other Infections
•
Trichomoniasis
•
Moniliasis or Candidiasis = “Yeast”
•
Bacterial Vaginosis
Sometimes Only a Doctor Can Tell the
Difference
Trichomoniasis
Yeast Infection
Cystitis and Prostatitis
Cystitis: bladder and urethra infection often
caused by bacterium Escherichia coli
Prostatitis: prostate infection caused by above
bacteria
• Honeymoon cystitis
• Interstitial cystitis
Practicing Safer Sex
How are you going to avoid all of
those STIs?
100% safe = no sex
Practicing Safer Sex
How are you going to avoid all of
those STIs?
“Safer Sex”: Practicing behaviors that
minimize chances of contracting an STI
• Mutually faithful, long-term monogamy
• Trust and honesty
• Consistent and careful condom use
Cultural scripts
Power
differences
between women
and men
Knowledge
without action
Impediments to
Practicing Safe
Sex
Not being able to
talk with partner
Unavailability of
condoms
Embarrassment
about buying
condoms
Personal Reflections
Do you and your partner discuss safe sex?
Why or why not?
What to Do and Where to Go if You
Have an STI
Inform
partner
or
partners
Abstain
from sex
until
cured
See physician
immediately
Positive Sexuality in the Era of AIDS
Remember:
• Many behaviors, including sex, have risks
• Sex itself does not cause these infections
• Take a few seconds to protect yourself
• AIDS does not strike randomly