Download Slide 1

Daniel Kohli, Justin Stauffer,
McLaughlin, Ph.D.
Jacqueline
• The chicken embryonic heart consists of four
sections that work cooperatively to orchestrate an
effective heart beat.
• The cardiac cycle of the embryonic chicken
heart is influenced by several stimuli.
• Acetaminophen and acetaminophen with
codeine are drugs used for medicinal purposes
and have different effects on the embryonic
chicken heart.
• The purpose of this experiment is to determine the effects of
acetaminophen with codeine compared the effects of acetaminophen
without codeine on the heart of a 144-hour chick embryo.
• We reason that the different dosage levels of the different
medications will have altered results based on the amount given.
Acetaminophen with codeine: ↓ in ♥ rate
Acetaminophen without codeine: ↑ in ♥ rate
44-Hour Chicken Embryo
• The four sections in the embryonic chicken heart
are the sinous venosus (sv), atrium (a), conotruncus
(ct), and ventricle (v).
• The conotruncus and the ventricle grow quicker
than the other two regions resulting in a S-shape
heart structure.
• The cardiac cycle of the developing chicken heart
is controlled by the regions in the heart called the
sinous venosus (SV) node (often called the
pacemaker).
• The SV node generates and coordinates electrical
impulses in the developing chicken heart, setting
the rate and timing at which all cardiac muscle cells
contract.
http://www.lv.psu.edu/jxm57/chicklab/outline.html#introduction
•There are several factors that
influence the generation of
electrical impulses by SA node:
sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous
system, systemic drugs,
neurotransmitter reflexes,
hormones and fluctuations in
body fluids, exercise, and body
temperature.
http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/auto.html
• Acetaminophen is a Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID) that reduces
inflammation at affected tissue sites. In a recent experiment, Acetaminophen
has been shown to possibly cause coronary vasoconstriction which may
indirectly induce mild bradycardia.
Acetaminophen
http://www2.resentment.org/users/destrox
http://www.hosppract.com/issues/2001/03/ceper.htm
• Codeine is part of a group of drugs
called narcotic analgesics that work
mainly upon the central nervous
system to alleviate pain by binding
to certain receptor sites.
• A possible adverse effect of Codeine
is possible irregular or slowed heart
rate.
• Common uses of codeine are as a
cough suppressant, anti-diarrheal
and pain reliever.
http://hawthorne.mfriends.org/faculty/Biology/cmb2000/cmb-se/codeine.htm
1. Prepare a 5mg/mL stock solution of acetaminophen stock in Chick’s Saline.
Then create a serial dilution using Chick’s Saline to acquire 0.5mg/mL,
0.05mg/mL, 0.005mg/mL, and 0.0005mg/mL solutions.
2. Repeat Step 1 in preparing a 3.3mg/mL stock solution of acetaminophen with
codeine and serial dilutions of 0.33mg/mL, 0.033mg/mL, 0.0033mg/mL, and
0.00033mg/mL solutions in Chick’s Saline.
3. “Window” a 144 hour chicken egg according to methods of Cruz (1993).
http://www.lv.psu.edu/jxm57/biol240.html
4. Explant the chicken embryo from the egg using methods of Cruz
(1993). Transfer the embryo to a 65mm Syracuse glass dish containing
Chick’s Saline. In order to keep the embryo warm enough, use a
gooseneck lamp with a 100-watt bulb. Record In vitro heart rate five
times.
5. Add 5-6 drops of acetaminophen without codeine solution onto the
embryo, starting with the most diluted. Record five different sets of heart
rates after allowing 30 seconds for the solution to take effect.
6. Repeat Step 5 using 5-6 drops of the next most diluted solutions of
acetaminophen without codeine.
7. Repeat Steps 5 and 6 using 5-6 drops of acetaminophen with codeine in
their progressively diluted solutions.
http://www.lv.psu.edu/jxm57/chicklab/
http://www.lv.psu.edu/jxm57/chicklab/materials.html
Embryo #1: Acetaminophen without Codeine
180
160
Heart Rate (Beats per Minute)
140
120
In Vivo
In Vitro
100
.0005mg/mL
.005mg/mL
80
.05mg/mL
.5mg/mL
60
40
20
0
Control
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
Trial Num ber
Trial 4
Trial 5
Embryo #2: Acetaminophen with Codeine
180
160
Heart Rate (Beats per Minute)
140
120
In Vivo
In Vitro
100
.00033mg/mL
.0033mg/mL
80
.033mg/mL
.33mg/mL
60
40
20
0
Control
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
Trial Num ber
Trial 4
Trial 5
Embryo #3: Acetaminophen without Codeine
180
160
Heart Rate (Beats Per Minute)
140
120
In Vivo
In Vitro
100
.0005mg/mL
.005mg/mL
80
.05mg/mL
.5mg/mL
60
40
20
0
Control
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
Trial Num ber
Trial 4
Trial 5
Embryo #4: Acetaminophen with Codeine
180
160
Heart Rate (Beats per Minute)
140
120
In Vivo
In Vitro
100
.00033mg/mL
.0033mg/mL
80
.033mg/mL
.33mg/mL
60
40
20
0
Control
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
Trial Num ber
Trial 4
Trial 5
• Tachycardia and atrial flutter occurred in the most dilute solutions of both
medications.
• Arrhythmia was common in the most concentrated solutions of both medications.
• Acetaminophen with codeine had adverse effects on the heart rate than
acetaminophen without codeine.
•The heart rate decreased as the concentration of acetaminophen without codeine
increased.
•The heart rate increased as the concentrations of acetaminophen with
codeine increased.
• Test the effects of codeine without acetaminophen on an embryonic
chicken heart in order to compare what difference the added
acetaminophen made.
• Apply a consistent amount of acetaminophen with codeine to an
embryonic chicken and observe any differences that the drug had
possibly caused to the fully developed chick.
1. Automatic Nervous System. Neuroscience for Kids. 22 Mar. 2004
<http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/auto.html>.
2. Pain. 22 Mar. 2004
<http://www.abe.msstate.edu/classes/abe4323/2002/abe4323cd/16/pain.html>.
3. Perazella, MARK A. COX-2 Inhibitors and the Kidney. 2001. Yale
University. 22 Mar. 2004
<http://www.hosppract.com/issues/2001/03/ceper.htm>.
4. Drug Info - Pharmacology & Chemistry. Medscape. 22 Mar. 2004
<http://www.medscape.com/druginfo/Pharm?id=11721&name=CODEINE+PHOS+ORAL&Drug
Type=1&MenuID=PHM&ClassID=N&GeneralStatement=Y>.
5. Cruz, Y.P. 1993. Laboratory Exercises In Developmental Biology. Academic
Press, San Diego, California, 241
pages. [ISBN 0-12-198390-0] [book].
6. McLaughlin, Jacqueline and Elizabeth McCain (1991). “Development and
Physiological Aspects of the Chicken Embryonic Heart.”
7. textfiles.com/drugs. 22 Mar. 2004
<http://www.textfiles.com/drugs/druglst2.txt>.