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Hypertension With updated guidelines from AAFP & JNC VII Omar A. Khan, MD MHS January 2006 Objectives • Review the AAFP/JNC VII diagnostic criteria for hypertension • Review various treatment options, indications and side effects Fast Facts about Hypertension in the US: • • • • • Hypertensive population: Controlled hypertensives: Those unaware of Dx: Aware but untreated: Of those treated: 42,000,000 27% 13,000,000 7,000,000 58% uncontrolled JNC VII JNC VII JNC 7: Classification and Management of Blood Pressure for Adults Initial Drug Therapy BP Classification SBP* (mm Hg) DBP* (mm Hg) Lifestyle Modification Normal <120 and <80 Encourage 120–139 or 80–89 Yes No antihypertensive drug indicated. Yes Thiazide-type diuretic for most. May consider ACEI, ARB, BB, CCB, or combination. Yes Two-drug combination for most (usually thiazide-type diuretic and ACEI or ARB or BB or CCB). Prehypertension Stage 1 hypertension Stage 2 hypertension 140–159 160 or 90–99 or 100 JNC 7. May 2003. NIH publication 03-5233. Without Compelling Indications With Compelling Indications Drug(s) for compelling indications. Drug(s) for compelling indications. Other antihypertensive drugs (diuretic, ACEI, ARB, BB, CCB) as needed. Diagnostic Workup CVD Risk Factors • • • • • HTN Obesity Hyperlipidemia Diabetes Cigarette Smoking • Inactivity • Age: >55 in men >65 in women • Fam history of premature CVD JNC 7: Treatment Algorithm for Hypertension Lifestyle modifications Not at goal blood pressure (<140/90 mm Hg) (<130/80 mm Hg for those with diabetes or chronic kidney disease) Initial drug choices Without compelling indications Stage 1 hypertension (SBP 140–159 or DBP 90–99 mm Hg) Thiazide-type diuretic for most. May consider ACEI, ARB, BB, CCB, or combination. Stage 2 hypertension (SBP 160 or DBP 100 mm Hg) Two-drug combination for most (usually thiazide-type diuretic and ACEI or ARB or BB or CCB). With compelling indications Drugs for compelling indications Other antihypertensive drugs (diuretic, ACEI, ARB, BB, CCB) as needed. Not at goal blood pressure Optimize dosages or add additional drugs until goal blood pressure is achieved. Consider consultation with hypertension specialist. SBP=systolic blood pressure; DBP=diastolic blood pressure; ACEI=angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitor; ARB=angiotensin receptor blocker; BB=b-blocker; CCB=calcium channel blocker JNC 7. May 2003. NIH publication 03-5233. Compelling Indications • Heart Failure: • Post- MI: • High CVD risk: • DM: • CRF – Cr > 1.5 in men – Cr > 1.3 in women • S/P CVA Thiazide/loop, BB, ACEi, ARB, Aldosterone antagonist BB, ACE, Aldosterone antagonist Thiazide, BB, ACE, Ca channel blocker Thiazide, BB, ACE, ARB, CCB ACE, ARB. For creatinine 2-3 try loop diuretic Thiazide, ACE inhibitor Lifestyle Modifications to Manage HTN Modification Recommendations Approximate Systolic Blood Pressure Reduction Weight Reduction Maintain normal body weight (BMI 18.5-24.9) 5-20 mm Hg for each 10 kg weight loss Adapt DASH eating plan Consume diets rich in fruits, vegetables, low fat dairy and low saturated fat 8-14 mm Hg Dietary sodium reduction Reduce sodium to no more than 2.4 g/day sodium or 6 g/day NaCl 2-8 mm Hg Increase physical activity Engage in regular aerobic activity such as walking (30 min/day on most days) 4-9 mm Hg Moderate alcohol consumption Limit alcohol to no more than 2 drinks/d for men and 1 drinks/day for women. 2-4 mm Hg Source: The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure JNCVII. JAMA. 2003;289:2560-2572. Failures of Patient Education • 50% of patients discontinue their antihypertensive within 1 year of initiating treatment. • DASH diet for hypertension: – limit sodium – Increase fruits and vegetables (8-10/d) – Increase low fat dairy (3-4/d) • Focus on diet history for hypertensive patients Key Diet History Questions for Patients with HTN • Do you use a salt shaker? • Do you taste your food before you add salt? • How often do you eat salty foods, such as chips, pretzels, salted nuts, canned and smoked foods? • Do you read labels for sodium content? • How many servings of fruits and vegetables do you eat everyday? • How often do you eat or drink dairy products? What kind? • How often do you eat out? What kinds of restaurants? • Do you like to drink alcohol? How much? • How often do you exercise, including walking? TIPS on drugs for HT • CCB OK for isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) • For DM: ACEi or ARB with or without diuretic, then add BB or CCB • When ACEi causes cough, substitute ARB • Don’t use short acting CCB (increases deaths due to arrhythmias). • Alpha blockers (e.g. clonidine) only as second line (more side effects). • Most patients should start with a diuretic as they enhance the effectiveness of other agents. • Most patients will require more than one agent. • Add a baby aspirin to improve cardiovascular outcomes. Special Populations • Minorities: • Blacks have greater prevalence, severity, and impact and poorer response to monotherapy. ACE induced angioedema is more common • Women: • Estrogen containing oral contraceptives elevate BP. Aldomet, BB, and vasodilators OK in pregnancy • Aged: • Higher prevalence, ISH more common, more frequent complications from ACE, CCB Thiazides • Chlorothiazide (Diuril) • Chlorthalidone • Hydrochlorthiazide(Microzide, Hydrodiuril) • Polythiazide (Renese) • Indapamide (Lozol) • Metolazone (Mykrox, Zaroxolyn) *All trade / brand / generic names are specific to the USA Benefits of Thiazide Diuretics • Evidence-based support for end points that matter (prevention of CV and all-cause mortality). • Reduced calcium excretion is a potential benefit for osteoporosis prevention. Loop Diuretics • Bumetanide • Furosemide • Torsemide (Bumex) (Lasix) (Demadex) Potassium-sparing Diuretics •Amiloride •Triamterene (Midamor) (Dyrenium) *All trade / brand / generic names are specific to the USA Aldosterone Receptor Blockers • Eplerone (Inspra) • Spironolactone (Aldactone) Combined alpha- and beta- blockers •Carvedilol (Coreg) •Labetalol (Normodyne, Trandate) *All trade / brand / generic names are specific to the USA Beta-blockers • • • • Atenolol (Tenormin) Betaxolol(Kerlone) Bisoprolol (Zebeta) Metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol XL) • Nadolol (Corgard) • Propranolol (Inderal/XL) • Timolol (Blocadren) *All trade / brand / generic names are specific to the USA ACE inhibitors • • • • • • • • • • Benzapril Captopril Enalpril Fosinopril Lisinopril Moexipril Perindopril Quinapril Ramipril Trandolapril (Lotensin) (Capoten) (Vasotec) (Monopril) (Prinivil, Zestril) (Univasc) (Aceon) (Accupril) (Altace) (Mavik) *All trade / brand / generic names are specific to the USA Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers • • • • • • • Candesartan Eprosartan Irbesartan Losartan Olmesartan Telmisartan Valsartan (Atacand) (Tevetan) (Avapro) (Cozaar) (Benicar) (Micardis) (Diovan) *All trade / brand / generic names are specific to the USA Calcium channel blockers • Dihydropyridines – Amlodipine (Norvasc) – Felodipine (Plendil) – Isradipine (Dynacirc CR) – Nicardipine (Cardene SR) – Nifedipine (Adalat CC, Procardia XL) – Nisoldipine (Sular) • DHPs can have negative inotropic effects, unlike non-DHPs, so use with caution in pts with impaired cardiac function Calcium channel blockers • non-Dihydropyridines: – Diltiazem (Cardizem CD, Dilacor XR, Tiazac, Cardizem LA) – Verapamil (Calan SR, Isoptin SR) *All trade / brand / generic names are specific to the USA • DHPs can have negative inotropic effects, unlike non-DHPs, so use with caution in pts with impaired cardiac function Alpha1 blockers • Doxazosin • Prazosin • Terazosin (Cardura) (Minipress) (Hytrin) *All trade / brand / generic names are specific to the USA Direct Vasodilators • Hydralazine • Minoxidil (Apresoline) (Loniten) *All trade / brand / generic names are specific to the USA Centrally acting drugs • • • • Clonidine Methyldopa Reserpine Guanfacine (Catapres) (Aldomet) (generic) (generic) *All trade / brand / generic names are specific to the USA Again: Treatment Algorithm Lifestyle Modification Not at goal BP Initial Drug Choices W/O Compelling Indications Stage 1 With Compelling Indications Stage 2 Thiaz, ACE, ARB, BB, CCB Drug for Indication 2 Drug Combo Not at Goal BP Adjust Dose or add additional agents References • JNC 7 report: available via NIH (Publication 03-5233) • JAMA 289 (19), May 21 2003 (online) • AAFP monograph: #305 HTN True or False • ACE Inhibitors should be initial drug therapy for most, either alone or combined with other drug classes. False • ACE Inhibitors Thiazides should be initial drug therapy for most, either alone or combined with other drug classes. True or False • For persons over age 50, DBP is more important than SBP as CVD risk factor. False • For persons over age 50, SBP is a more important than DBP as CVD risk factor. True or False • Normal blood pressure is defined as SBP < 135 and DBP < 90. False • Normal blood pressure is defined as SBP < 120 and DBP < 80. People with SBP 120 – 139 OR DBP 80 – 89 should be considered prehypertensive. True or False • Those people whose BP is classified as prehypertensive should be initially treated with lifestyle modification from the time they are identified. True • Those people whose BP is classified as prehypertensive should be initially treated with lifestyle modification from the time they are identified. • Key lifestyle modification measures that, if initiated in all prehypertensive and hypertensive individuals, are likely to lower BP, include all except….. • • • • • • a) Weight reduction b) DASH Eating Plan c) Smoking cessation d) Dietary sodium reduction e) Physical activity f) Moderation of alcohol intake • Key lifestyle modification measures that should be initiated in all prehypertensive and hypertensive individuals in order to lower BP include all except….. • • • • • • a) Weight reduction b) DASH Eating Plan c) Smoking cessation d) Dietary sodium reduction e) Physical activity f) Moderation of alcohol intake True or False • If BP is >20/10 mmHg above goal, initiate therapy with a single agent and lifestyle modification. False • False. If BP is >20/10 mmHg above goal, initiate therapy with two agents, one usually should be a thiazide-type diuretic. True or False • Self measurement can help assess “whitecoat” HTN. True • Self measurement can help improve adherence with therapy, provide helpful information on response to therapy and assist in assessing “white-coat” HTN. True or False • Most patients will only require one antihypertensive drug to achieve goal BP. False • Most patients will require 2 or more antihypertensive drugs to achieve goal BP