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Whale entanglement has become an issue not only to the animals but to the environment and fishing industry. Issues concerning the health and welfare of the animal Difficulties associated with human intervention Methods and routes used to achieve euthanasia - AVMA definition of euthanasia- the use of humane techniques to induce the most rapid and painless and distress free death possible. Criteria for euthanasia: The cetacean is stranded Unable to swim Judged to have a very low likelihood of medium to long term survival. Demeanor Weak respirations Failure to refloat after 2 high tides Excitement phase from some injectable drugs Time for death to occur Inexperienced personnel Cost Disposal of body Public view and relations Procedure being done improperly IC- intracardiac IV- intravenous IM- intramuscular IP- within the abdomen IN- intranasal Sublingual- under the tongue Intrahepatic- within the liver Implosion Ballistics Explosive grenade Powergel Magnum Explosive Dart gun Exsanguination Spinal lance Pithing Specialized needle for delivering euthanasia solutions. Length = 1 meter ( 39 inches) Outer diameter = 21 mm (13/16 inch) Inner diameter = 12 mm ( less than ½ inch) Tubing hooked up to a pressure sprayer Needle is custom made for the procedure and is costly $1000.00 for customized needle $500.00 for combination of three sedatives ◦ Generally a “cocktail” $500.00 for KCL- Potassium Chloride Cost can increase or decrease with the size of the animal or the number that have been stranded. Sedatives: delivered prior to euthanasia • Valium®/diazepam • Versed®/ midazolam • Atravet/ ® acepromazine • Rompum®/ xylazine • Telazol®/ tiletamine • Ketalar ® /Ketamine® Sodium Pentobarbital ◦ Major issues involved with the use of this drug ◦ Difficult to dispose of the carcass after medication has been delivered. ◦ Concentration of the medication ◦ Controlled substance- CII KCL- Potassium Chloride ◦ Action of this drug ◦ Dosage ◦ Environmental impact ◦ Route of administration ◦ It is strongly recommended the animal be sedated prior to administration of the drug. Powergel Magnum Explosive Euthanasia of beached humpback whales using explosives ◦ Douglas K. Coughran, Ian Stiles and Peter R. Mawson Recommendations for Euthanasia of Stranded Cetaceans ◦ NOAA, Virginia Aquarium Large Whale Euthanasia: Options, Approaches and Welfare Considerations Dr. Cheryl Rosa, DVM, PhD IWC- International Whaling Committee ◦ Collaborative Development of Recommendations for ◦ Euthanasia for Stranded Cetaceans