Download Ó B.Munier, Ph.D.

 B.Munier, Ph.D.
GLOBALIZATION,
REGIONALIZATION &
PARTICULARISMS
Bruno Munier, Ph.D.
 B.Munier, Ph.D.
GLOBALIZATION : DEFINITION
& PARTICULARITIES
A process:
Growing interactions (trade, finance, security, ecology,
culture, demography …)
 growing interdependence (affects sovereignty)
 complication of “global” relations ( new stakes must be
perceived in their globality and multi-dimensional reality)
 faster (& faster) pace of change (exponential acceleration)
 B.Munier, Ph.D.
GLOBALIZATION : DEFINITION
& PARTICULARITIES
Globalization is a new phenomenon that deeply change
the whole world society.
It is not limited to the Economy or the Market,
This is a process (set of interactions => dynamics) that
can be summarized as the multiplication of exchanges,
of all sort & nature, generating growing interdependence
between a growingly complex set of actors.
A Multi-dimensional Process
 B.Munier, Ph.D.
GLOBALIZATION : DEFINITION
& PARTICULARITIES
Multidimentionality:
Globalization is:
•
an economic process (with the growing integration of world market and
finance, phenomenon that stimulates competition between the various economic
actors)
•
a social process (as it affects cultures, encourages demographic streams)
•
a techno-scientific process (progress, as will be later developed, is the source of
globalization as it facilitates communications of all sorts and competition, even
if technological skills and knowledge is not evenly spread)
•
a juridical process (IGOs actively participates even if in some cases or areas
still greatly insufficiently to the normalization of rules affecting trade, contracts,
employment, conflicts between nations or partners…)
•
a political process (as it affects States’sovereignty, role and mission, and global
geopolitics): “Global System” in place of “International System”
 B.Munier, Ph.D.
GLOBALIZATION : DEFINITION
& PARTICULARITIES
The roots of globalization:
exponential acceleration of the techno-scientific
progress, ever & ever faster dissemination of its use by
larger amount of people
&
liberalization of the World Order
Due to political want & the exponential development of
the means of communication
(transport, telecommunication, Internet…)
 B.Munier, Ph.D.
GLOBALIZATION : DEFINITION
& PARTICULARITIES
Technology & science (R&D)
+
Capacity & Want to communicate
(exchange, competition)
=
are the keys for development
Communication  Competition
Competitiveness & readiness
Adaptation-Reactivity
 B.Munier, Ph.D.
GLOBALIZATION : DEFINITION
& PARTICULARITIES
Acceleration of the technological innovations cycles & of the
dissemination of progress:
Electricity
Telephone
Chemistry
Automobile
1870
1900
TV
1950
Satellites
Computer PC
1970
1980
Contribute to improve communication
& reduce distances
Cellular Phone
1990
 B.Munier, Ph.D.
GLOBALIZATION : DEFINITION
& PARTICULARITIES
The process of liberalization
a new post-WW2 World Order:
•
New Geopolitical Order
•
Institutionalization of International Relations
•
promotion of free trade,
•
+ monetary and financial stability
as source of development, peace & security
Post WW2 institutionalization: (NIPO & NIEO)
UNO (1945),
IMF + BIRD (1944) + IMS (Bretton Woods)
GATT (1947) WTO (1995)
Result: creation of an environment favorable to the development of trade
 B.Munier, Ph.D.
GLOBALIZATION : DEFINITION
& PARTICULARITIES
Liberalization: securing Free Trade:2 steps:
- IMS & the GATT
explosion of trade & invest *
- end of the cold war
trlateralization
the end of bipolarization permits a redefinition of
priorities and a generalization of liberalism
+
The “newly integrated economies” (NIC…)
Geoeconomic
complication :
The N/S rift?
Acceleration of trade, financial & technological flows:
Explosion of imports: 1950 = exportations: 100; 1990 = 2000
production: 100;
World Trade =
500
1978 9% Wd GDP
1998 24%
2005 28% (2000 prev.)
WTO 2000
 B.Munier, Ph.D.
GLOBALIZATION : DEFINITION
& PARTICULARITIES
 new economic policy priorities:
Trade & export strategies
Attraction / FDI
Privatization
Delocalization
The quest for competitiveness
 B.Munier, Ph.D.
GLOBALIZATION : DEFINITION
& PARTICULARITIES
Nowadays, no country nor group of any kind can shut itself off from others:
the world community is growingly characterized by its Globality
we must here make (with BECK) a distinction with another concept :
GLOBALISM that illustrates “the view that the world market eliminates
or supplants political action” (the end of politics!), which proved to be wrong!
In contradiction with the multi-dimension perspective
 adaptation of the perception ( / stakes)
 New « adapted » answers ( / global security, development, ecology…)
Must square with the Globality and complexity of the presentday World
System
 B.Munier, Ph.D.
GLOBALIZATION and DISPARITY
Economic and financial disparities
 B.Munier, Ph.D.
GLOBALIZATION and DISPARITY
 B.Munier, Ph.D.
GLOBALIZATION and DISPARITY
World Trade
 B.Munier, Ph.D.
GLOBALIZATION and DISPARITY
GNP / capita
 B.Munier, Ph.D.
GLOBALIZATION and DISPARITY
HDI
 B.Munier, Ph.D.
GLOBALIZATION and DISPARITY
Growth divergences
 B.Munier, Ph.D.
GLOBALIZATION and DISPARITY
Growth divergences
 B.Munier, Ph.D.
The World Order
Bipolarity, multipolarity, unipolarity?