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Inventing a Better Future: A strategy for
building worldwide capacities in
science and technology
It is a pleasure for me to address the audience of this
Symposium on the follow-up to the World
Conference on Science,
Harnessing Science for Society: Further Partnerships
S&T is such a critical issue for the betterment of
Humanity, that we came for all parts of the globe for
jointly pursue this noble task.
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Word Population and GDP per-capita (2001)
www.interacademycouncil.net
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Rising Inequities

Inequities are rising within countries and
between countries

Assets of world’s 3 richest people exceed
combined GDP of poorest 48 countries

World’s 15 richest people have assets that
exceed total GDP of Sub-Saharan Africa
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Tertiary Enrollment Ratios
80
High Income
Rep. Korea
60
40
20
Low & Middle
SS Africa
0
1965
Task Force, 2000
1975
1985
1995
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Recall:
High-income vs. Low-income Countries
Income
=
42 times
Research
=
218 times
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National Research and Development Expenditures
as a Percent of Gross Domestic Product
Nation
%
Sweden
Japan
United States
Republic of Korea
Germany
France
Taiwan-China
Netherlands
United Kingdom
Singapore
India
Italy
3.70
3.01
2.63
2.55
2.38
2.17
1.97
1.95
1.87
1.47
1.20
1.04
www.interacademycouncil.net
Nation
Russian Federation
Brazil
Spain
Poland
China
South Africa
Hungary
Chile
Turkey
Mexico
Malaysia
Ecuador
%
1.06
0.91
0.89
0.75
0.69
0.69
0.68
0.63
0.49
0.34
0.22
0.08
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Scientists and Engineers in Research and
Development (per million people)
www.interacademycouncil.net
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Patents Granted to Residents
(per million population, 1999)
www.interacademycouncil.net
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TWAS
&
ICTP
&
ICSU
&
UNESCO
Academies
&
S&T Communities
&
Governments
&
Foundations
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Five Clusters of Recommendations
 Science and Society
 Human Resources
 Institutions
 Public/Private domain
 Financing mechanisms
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Science for Policy
 Organize systematic input of science into public policy
Policy for Science

Government must adopt strategy for science prepared
in consultation with science academy
 Identify priorities
 Commit national financial support of 1% - 1.5% of GNP
 Policy disseminated widely
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Components of Strategy
 Government policy must be coherent and
promoting of science
 Promote partnerships with others
 Recognize and fund public goods
 Strike balance between basic and applied
research
 Recognize and work with private sector
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On Expanding Human Resources
Nations can only aspire progress with indigenous knowledge

High-quality education at all levels and training are essential
in all countries. S&T education policy should be established
addressing national needs. Popularization of Science is
crucial for the support and betterment of Society.
Brain drain must be addressed:

Developing nations should develop, attract, and maintain
S&T talent. Brain drain can be contained with a Pro-Talent
Program and scientific cooperation with expatriates and
colleagues from more advanced countries.
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Brain Drain
Foreign graduates in S&E
Want to stay in the US :
45% (1990) – 72% (1999)
Get offers:

32% (1990) – 50% (1999)
27% of doctorate holders in the US labor
force are foreign born
S&E Indicators 2002
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On Expanding Human Resources
 Special outreach and support programs should be


promoted by the S&T community for assuring ethnic,
gender and cultural diversity.
S&T capacity-building is a shared regional and global
responsibility. South-South cooperation including
doctoral, post-doctoral fellowships and open
laboratories should be offered to the developing
countries by the more S&T-proficient nations such as
Brazil, China, India, South Africa, Chile and Mexico,
among others.
Regional S&T networks should be stimulated.
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On Creating World-Class Institutions



Strong universities are critical for expanding
national S&T capacities.
Autonomous Centers of Excellence to address local
or regional challenges formed by groups of high
scientific caliber, located at universities and
research Institutions. Special support to the Least
Developed Countries-LDCs must be provided.
Digital libraries of S&T that can bring knowledge to
virtually everyone, everywhere, to be freely
available or at a modest fee in the developing world
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

Virtual Networks of Excellence, linking for research and
training scientific talents of nations and regions. Excellent
examples have been promoted by the Millennium Science
Initiative in Brazil, Chile, Mexico and now Uganda, with
support of the World Bank . Engagement of international
science community is important to guarantee quality
control.
Academies of science, engineering, medicine,
professional associations, UN/UNESCO, to urgently help
to improve quality of national S&T programs and
institutions. Special role for TWAS, IAC, IAP, ICSU,
among others and centers like the International Centre for
Theoretical Physics - ICTP.
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Public/Private Domains





Promote Public-Private Partnerships. University,
Research Centers and Industry. Innovation
IPR & Technology Transfer
Imaginative approaches to patents
Protect public goods
Funding from Private Sector is very important:
68% of all funding in the US – up from 32% in
1960
75% of actual R&D in the US is executed by the
PS
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On Funding for Research and Training
 National “sectoral” funds for sustainable financing of
high quality indigenous Research and Development R&D in sectors of strategic importance for the country.
Global funds
 A Global Institutional Fund to provide soft funding for 5
to 10 years to Centers of Excellence in developing
countries. The Centers can have national or regional
character.
 A Global Program Funding for developing nations to
create new partnerships with S&T-advanced or S&Tproficient countries.
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From Ideas to Impacts
 Urgent national and international actions to strength local
S&T.


Urgent regional and international collaboration with LDCs.

A global S&T-capacity “implementation strategy” to promote
new initiatives.
S&T-proficient countries, share responsibilities for regional
and international S&T training and research programs
 International conferences of financial donors to help
develop new mechanisms for increasing S&T capacity in
developing countries.
In all actions proposed, Government commitment is essential.
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Meeting the Goals
Important cases:
 Many programs on Teaching and Diffusion of Science for
young students, children. Inclusion of the disadvantage.
 Special working conditions for young scientists avoiding
Brain Drain, like in China. Similar measure needed all
over.
 Brazil, China, India and Mexico sharing responsibility for
S&T strengthening in the developing world: International
Doc and Post-Doc Fellowships with TWAS. Others.
 Implementation of Millennium Institutes in Latin America,
Africa and Asia.
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Synopsis of Reactions
Reactions have been very positive towards the IAC Report.


Launching at the UN by Secretary General Kofi Annan


IAC Meeting with World Bank and Foundations, 3-4 February

Translation into Chinese, Arab and French (summary).
Launching?
Workshops in South Africa promoted by the Academy of
Sciences and Government, including the IAC Report and the
UN Millennium Goals (Rio + 12, Johannesburg + 2).
Translation into Portuguese. Soon to be launched by the
Brazilian Academy of Sciences and Government.
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