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Sub-regional Workshop on Trade and Environment Dimensions in the Food and Food Processing Industries in South-East and North-East Asia Jakarta, Indonesia, 26-27 July 2006 Trade and Environment Dimensions in the food and food processing in Cambodia By Mr. Heng Nareth Director Department of Environmental Pollution Control Introduction PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY Size of the Country Cambodia has an area of 181,035 km2 - Area approximately 5/6 is land and 1/6 is coast. - 86% of the country area is the Mekong catchment. - The country extents from east to west 580 km and from north to south 450 km. Climate Two seasons in Cambodia - Dry season: November to April - Rainy season: May to October Current Status of the Economy Cambodia is an agricultural economy which contribute to about half of the country's GDP There approximately 90% are farmers who live in rural areas. GDP per capita (US dollars) 308$ (2001), 326$ (2002), 345$(2003) 389$ (2004), 448$ (2005) ( Source from Ministry of Finance). Crops Production Cambodia is an agricultural economy. Betwe8en 0% and 85% of the labor force is engaged in agriculture and related sub-sectors of fisheries, animal husbandry, which contribute to about half of the country's GDP. Cambodia's main agricultural crop is rice. It is grown on over 90% of the currently cropped area. The second most important crops are rubber, maize, soybeans, mung bean, pepper, and tobacco, etc. Agricultural production and area is shown in the following tables: Table 1-1: Crops Production and Area from 2000-2002 Products Area (ha) Production (tons) 2000 2001 2002 2000 2001 2002 2,318,495 2,240,917 2,137,125 4,026,092 4,099,016 3,822,509 Maize 71,462 80,215 80,470 156,972 185,589 148,897 Yellow Maize 44,347 55,147 54,657 121,741 157,652 117,344 Cassava 16,279 14,239 19,563 147,763 142,262 122,014 7,435 7,225 8,136 28,178 26,252 31,530 Vegetable 32,755 35,311 34,433 195,894 184,640 143,175 Mung Bean 24,991 29,431 39,802 15,100 17,153 23,925 Pea Nut 10,370 11,913 13,840 7,490 8,913 9,738 Soya Bean 33,256 31,997 33,613 28,111 24,658 38,801 Sugar Cane 7,723 7,854 9,473 164,176 169,302 208,819 Rice Sweet Potato amuses 19,222 20,158 20,852 9,855 8,957 10,157 Tobacco 9,678 8,554 4,078 7,665 4,662 2,501 208 203 485 180 203 636 2,596,221 2,543,164 2,456,527 4,909,217 5,029,259 4,680,046 Jute Total Source: Annual Conference Report, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 2003 Table 1-2 Structures of the Agronomy Sector (2002) Product Quantity (tons) Estimated value (US$) Percentage of total value (%) Rice 3,822,509.00 1,666,221,872.00 87.56 Crop 543,285.00 292,538,076.90 12.44 4,365,794.00 1,958,759,948.90 100.00 TOTAL Source: Annual Conference Report, Ministry Of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 2003 Livestock and Poultry Production Cambodia has a few commercial agro-business farms for animal husbandry. Livestock and poultry production are operated at the family level. This kind of production improves local supply and provides meat as nutrition for oneself and one’s family, with a little left over to sell to make an income for the family. A few research and breeding stations have been established for research and demonstration purposes. Table 1-4: Structures of the Livestock and Poultry Sector (2002) Product Cattle Buffalo Pig Poultry TOTAL Quantity (heads) Estimated Value (US$) Percentage of Value (%) 2,924,457 584,891,400.00 75.72 625,912 93,886,800.00 12.15 2,105,435 73,690,225.00 9.54 16,677,864 20,013,436.80 2.59 22,333,668.00 772,481,861.80 100.00 Source: Annual Conference Report, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 2003 Fish and Fish Production Cambodia is the fourth producer of freshwater in the would. According to official estimates, the fish catch decreased from 444,500 tons in 2000 to 424,400 tons in 2002. The total inland fish catch for Cambodia in 2002 was 360,300 tons, down 6.4% compared to 385,000 tons in 2000. In general, the inland fish catch has decreased from 1999 onwards due to significant changes including overexploitation, illegal fishing gear used, environmental quality degradation, etc. Marine fish catch increased 9.2% from 42,000 tons in 2000 to 45,850 tons in 2002. The Royal Government of Cambodia decided to reduce 39.3% of fishing lots, from 270 to 164 of fishery concessions, aiming to conserve fish species and increase natural fish stock. Aquaculture fish production increased slightly from 17,500 tons in 2000 to 18,250 tons in 2002. Estimated processed fish production decreased 16.0% from 63,000 tons in 2000 to 52,900 tons in 2002. Table 1-5: Fisheries Production From 2000-2002 Production (tons) Products 2000 Inland Fishery Capture 2001 2002 385,000 345,000.00 360,300.00 Marine Fishery Capture 42,000.00 40,000.00 45,850.00 Aquaculture 17,500.00 30,500.00 18,250.00 444,500.00 415,500.00 424,400.00 Total Source: Annual Conference Report, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 2003 Table 1-6: Structures Fishery Sector (2002) Product Quantity (tons) Estimated Value (US$) Percentage of Total Value (%) Inland Fishery Capture 360,300.00 576,480,000.00 82.88 Marine Fishery Capture 45,850.00 91,700,000.00 13.18 Aquaculture 18,250.00 27,375,000.00 3.94 TOTAL 424,400.00 695,555,000.00 Source: Annual Conference Report, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 2003 100.00 Market access and export competitiveness The main food processing for export in Cambodia are Agricultural Product, include frozen, dried, smocked and fermented fish, crops production, etc,. Fish production are mostly from directly natural water both marine and fresh water Crop production are being use commonly with very small dose chemical pesticide; therefore, the requirement of environmental and health-related in external market does not effects on country’s food and food processing export. Market access and export competitiveness (cont) However, Lack off recognized Laboratory with sophisticated testing equipment and accredited certification bodies; weak legislative capacity, limits skill and training capacities, limit access to financial resources and cleaner production are the more concern of the Royal Government of Cambodia in the future for food processing. Environmental Constraints The main domestic in environment issues are the deforestation, especially for the destruction of flooded forest as well as over fishing with illegal fishing equipment water pollution, and soil contamination, cause by in-appropriate chemical pesticide use. In addition some small and medium enterprise for food processing industries also contributed to the water, air, soil pollution. Environmental Law and Related Statutes National regulations In order to mitigate the impacts cause by the above mentioned sectors, there are some law and regulation related to the environmental protection and natural resources as bellow: Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Management Sub-decree on Environmental Impact assessment, Sub-decree on Water Pollution Control Sub-decree on Air and Noise Pollution Control Sub-decree on Wastes Management Sub-decree on Standard and Management of Agricultural Material Law on Management of Quality and Safety of Products and Services, 06/2000 Law on Industry Management, 06/2006 Environmental Law and Related Statutes (Cont.) International and regional agreements Participated as member of climate change convention Participated as a member of Basel convention Participated as a member of Montreal Protocol Participated as a member of Stockholm convention Participated as a member of CARTAGENA Protocol. Convention on Biological Diversity Convention on Intenational Trade in Endangered Species etc,. Government Policies and strategies plans Develop new regulations and amendment of the existing on the quality standard and quality control to catch up the import countries requirement Encourage to the private sector who are using cleaner technology voluntary based (i.e, Environmental Management System) Upgrade Laboratory with new appropriate equipment together with well training program and methodology To increase the production of high quality of organic rice grown according to internationally recognized organic standards. To support efforts to maintain and improve soil fertility through rotation with suitable non- rice crop. To stimulate local processing of organic rice which meets high quality standards in milling, labeling and packaging. Consolidate the local market and further develop existing and new export market ● To upgrade fishing infrastructure and tools, adopt modern processing and improve biotechnology techniques to increase supply/production, to widen products diversification and enhance quality of the fisheries sector’s offer, whether for domestic consumption or export. ● To strengthen and develop quality standards for fish and fish product through the establishment of modern sophisticated laboratory to ensure conformity with safety and sanitation requirements, both for the domestic and the export market. ● To train fishermen, fish farm operator and processed fish producers in matters relating to sustainability, handling, new production techniques and quality assurance. ● To protect inland fisheries from depletion recommendations For Cambodia to realize the full benefits from trade in global market place. The following issues and opportunities were given full consideration: Development policies for environmentally sustainable economic development The need to accelerate legal and regulatory reform Enhancing market access and access to information Institution building and enhanced rule of law Promoting small and mediumsized enterprises Export development is essential to sustain economic growth and stability in light of small domestic market. The urgent need to build awareness, competency, and accountability within the framework of developing of a functional public-private sector partnership. and Development proposals for the Government to accede to international agreements, conventions and protocols on environmental protection Thank you for your attention! THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION !