Download World Cities Report - Index of /geografi

State of the World’s Cities
Report 2001
Published by the
United Nations
Centre for Human Settlements
Leanna Robertson - USA
Structure
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Explores a range of urban issues:
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Shelter
Society
Environment
Economy
Governance
Structure
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Urbanization trends and issues:
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Highly Industrialized Countries
Latin America & the Caribbean
Economies of Transition
Africa
Arab States
Asia & the Pacific
"The Report is significant in that it uses the
city, rather than the country, as the basic
unit of analysis. This means that we can now
authoritatively differentiate between national
development and urban development and
make policy recommendations based on city
data.”
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Anna Kajumulo Tibaijuka, Executive Director of
UNCHS (Habitat)
Interesting Facts
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In 2020, Asia and the Pacific region will host the largest number
of urban dwellers in the world -- 1.97 billion people, or 46% of the
region's projected total population of 4.298 billion.
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Only a quarter of Europe's urban population lives in cities with
more than 250,000 people; half the urban population lives in
small towns of 10-50,000 people, while a quarter lives in
medium-sized towns of 50-250,000 people.
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Latin America and the Caribbean is the most urbanized region in
the developing world, with 75 % of its population living in cities.
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Lagos will be the third largest city in the world in 2010, after
Tokyo and Mumbai.
Interesting Facts
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One billion people live in inadequate housing, mostly in slums
and squatter settlements in developing countries.
The right to adequate housing is recognized by 70% of the
world's countries.
The Arab States region provides the greatest protection against
forced evictions.
Informal sector employment makes up 37% of the total
employment in developing countries as a whole and is as high as
45% in Africa.
Municipalities in highly industrialized countries obtain an average
of US$ 2906 per capita in revenue per year. This figure is almost
200 times the average revenue obtained by African
municipalities, which receive, on average, only US$ 14 per capita
per year.
A World of Cities
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Industrialization of late 18th century began the
current phase of globalization
Increased movement of people, products and
information
Due to inventions: steam engine, telegraph,
telephone and telephone
Cities – “Focal point of global economic
activity”
A World of Cities
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In the last 200 years, the collective population
of the world’s cities has grown from 30 million
to 3 billion
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i.e. 1 in 30 inhabitants to 1 in 2
Share of output is typically higher in cities
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Lima has 30% of Peru’s population but produces
more than 40% of the national output
Bangkok has 40% of Thailand’s output with only
12% of the national population
Urban Shelter
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Enabling: the private sector, local authorities and
civil organizations are working as partners for
sustainable urban development
Human Rights: less mass forced evictions and
confrontation – more negotiation and participation
Women: growing roles with credit programs, and
urban leadership
Local Delivery: a trend towards decentralization of
“essential urban services”
Urban Society
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Exclusion
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Denied benefits of urban life
Forced to occupy land illegally, live in dangerous
or unhealthy conditions, etc.
Lack formal education, skills training, health
services,
Ethnicity, gender and religion
Urban Society
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Inclusive Cities
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Goal – for all citizens to participate in the social,
economic, and political life of the city
Decentralization by giving more power to the
people at the local level
This is a movement in several countries like
Uganda, India, and Ghana.
A combination of partnerships between the
community, and both public and private sector is
encouraged.
Urban Environment
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Principles of Sustainable Development
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Efficiency: Resources should not be over exploited.
Nether should they be un-utilized.
Sufficiency: Resources are to be used for absolutely
necessary ends. Their use must aim for the highest
marginal returns.
Consistency: Ecosystems should be managed in a
manner that is compatible with each other.
Precaution: If the potential threats posed by the economic
activity to ecosystems are serious or irreversible then
action must be taken. If there is scientific uncertainty about
the outcome then usage must be postponed until the
outcome is certain.
Urban Economy
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Cities are engines of economic growth &
social development
They provide economies of scale &
agglomeration
Large shares of GDP
Informal Sector vs Formal Sector
Best Practices Program
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Address chronic social, eonomic &
environmental programs
Data base of programs
Key areas
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Environment, housing
Urban governance
Social services
Partnerships
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Local & civil groups
Summary
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People's processes and initiatives and enabling
governing structures must work together to form
partnerships that will encourage justice, equity and
sustainability in cities.
A country's global success rests on local
shoulders…for the good of all - citizens, city and
state must become political partners rather than
competitors.
Finally, if the goals require new political
arrangements, institutional structures or
constitutional amendments, it is never too late or too
early to begin making changes.