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TODAY • Social Geography • Wealth Race Religion Economic geography Industrialization © T. M. Whitmore LAST TIME • Migration Remittances (a consequence of international emigration from LA) • Rural to rural migration within LA • Rural to urban migration within LA • Characteristics of migrants and the migration process © T. M. Whitmore Social Geography & Development: Wealth • Average wealth in GDP in PPP/capita • World ~ $9,100 • Lesser developed ~ $4,400+ USA ~ $41,900 © T. M. Whitmore Social Geography & Development: Wealth II • LA ~ $7,900 • Extremes of GDP/capita in LA (< $5,000) Low Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala Jamaica, Haiti Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay Above world average GDP/capita (> $7,500) Costa Rica, Mexico © T. M. Whitmore Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay Percent population living on <$2/day • World average > 50% • Latin American average ~ 24% Countries with > 30% Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala, El Salvador, Jamaica, Haiti, Bolivia, Ecuador, Paraguay Countries with fewer than LA average Costa Rica, Mexico Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay Chile © T. M. Whitmore GDP/capita • USA Wealth distribution I Richest 20% have 40% of all income Poorest 20% have 5% 65% in middle class © T. M. Whitmore Wealth distribution II • Latin America • Richest 20% have 50-65% of all income Poorest 20% have 2-5% 30% in the middle Countries with top 20% with more than 50% of all income Brazil, Panama, Costa Rica, Argentina, Mexico, Peru, Venezuela Varies within countries © T. M. Whitmore Social development indicators • The Human Development Index • Safe water access • Population to hospital bed ratio • Overall worst levels of human development Bolivia; Ecuador; Paraguay; Peru El Salvador; Guatemala; Honduras; Nicaragua Dominican Republic; Haiti © T. M. Whitmore Race & Ethnicity • Colonial legacy of population holocaust, • • slavery, and miscegenation Post-colonial migrations — much in 19th Century Asian European => complex map © T. M. Whitmore Current ethnic distributions • Afro-American (Latin Americans are • • • “Americans,” too) Brazil Caribbean (Garifuna) Amerindian Former high culture areas of Mesoamerica and Andes Mestizo: Mexico & CA; Brazil Euro-American: Costa Rica; Southern Cone © T. M. Whitmore Garifuna © T. M. Whitmore © T. M. Whitmore © T. M. Whitmore Race in Latin America • Racial mixing • Racial “bleaching” • Racism • “Social” races • Indigenismo & Négritude © T. M. Whitmore © T. M. Whitmore Catholic Heritage I • Spanish Catholic roots • Spiritual conquest — an integral part of • the conquest of the Americas Legacy of Church’s history in Latin America Identified with power/economic elite Reform in form of liberation theology => oppression of the poor is a sin © T. M. Whitmore Catholic Heritage II • Overwhelmingly people say “soy Catholico” • • = “I am a Catholic” Church attendance is often low But presence is everywhere “Folk” Catholicism — merging of Roman Catholic ritual and beliefs with indigenous (Amerindian) beliefs (syncretism) Roman Catholic beliefs have merged with (or been used to mask) various African religious traditions in the Caribbean and Brazil especially © T. M. Whitmore © T. M. Whitmore © T. M. Whitmore © T. M. Whitmore © T. M. Whitmore © T. M. Whitmore © T. M. Whitmore © T. M. Whitmore © T. M. Whitmore © T. M. Whitmore © T. M. Whitmore © T. M. Whitmore © T. M. Whitmore © T. M. Whitmore © T. M. Whitmore © T. M. Whitmore © T. M. Whitmore © T. M. Whitmore © T. M. Whitmore © T. M. Whitmore © T. M. Whitmore © Pearson Education – Prentice Hall Obatala known as the parent of the Orishas and all human kind. The saint he represents is "Our lady of Mercy“ © 2005-2006 www.santeriareligion101.com Lukumi (Santería) Altar Religion: Non-Catholic • Hindu and Islam — imported with • • indentured labor to Suriname, Guiana, Trinidad & Tobago mostly (but minorities in all of the Caribbean) Judaism — accompanied 1st migrants from Spain (conversos) Evangelical Protestants — Protestants outlawed in Spanish/Portuguese colonial times Very rapid growth in past few decades ~40% of Guatemala ~1/3 of Brazil © T. M. Whitmore © T. M. Whitmore © T. M. Whitmore © T. M. Whitmore © T. M. Whitmore Inter-Personal socio-cultural traits • Machismo — men in control of their lives • • • and the lives of others in their lives Marianismo — roughly the inverse of machismo (from the idea that the ideal woman resembles Mary in her virtue and purity) Role conflict (e.g., casas chicas) “Personalismo” — much of social, economic, indeed all life in LA depends on social/family ties & personal spheres © T. M. Whitmore of influence and obligation Industrialization in the late 19th Century — up through WWII • Export Processing Industrialization (a • • follow on from colonial patterns) Low technology manufacture of basic consumer goods Era of WW I; Great Depression; through WW II © T. M. Whitmore Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) (1940s — 1970s) • Legitimized by Argentine economist Raul Prebish in 1940 and adopted as official policy by the UN after WWII © T. M. Whitmore How ISI works • Imposed quotas or tariffs to increase • • the price of imported manufactured goods Idea is to stimulate local industries NOT a new idea © T. M. Whitmore Consequences of previous rounds of industrialization • • • A legacy of: Colonial; 19th C; and especially ISI industrialization Spatially uneven: largest states benefit most Smaller states forced to band together © T. M. Whitmore Economic & other assumptions of ISI • • • • Presumes that “under development” is partly the result of uneven terms of trade between LA and the more developed Atlantic world Isolating the country’s economy from the wider world’s economy will allow it to develop without the pressures from the Atlantic World Attempt to recreate a mini-model of the economy of more developed states Strongly involve the state in economic activities via state enterprises etc. © T. M. Whitmore Problems with ISI • Role of modern technology in ISI • Role of changed imports in ISI • Role of foreign control in ISI • Role of role of governments in ISI • Inefficient management due to lack of • competition Loans to do all this not easily repaid => demands to “restructure” economy” © T. M. Whitmore