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China Jaya, Cassidy and Greg Influences on Policy Making • National People’s Congress –Highest Legislative Body • Governmental Research Institutions –Examples: Chinese Academy of Social Sciences • Chinese Communist Party –Outsized role in policy making Supranational Organizations • International Monetary Fund (IMF) – Create financial stability – Overwatch international trade – Create high employment and economic growth – Reduce poverty • United Nations (UN) – Maintain international peace and friendly relations – promote social progress – create better living standards and human rights Supranational Organizations cont. • World Trade Organization(WTO) – Regulation of trade – Provides framework for creating trade agreements – Have to follow WTO agreements – General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) – Part of WTO – Trade agreements aimed at abolishing quotas and reducing tariffs • World Bank • Provides loans to developing countries • Aims to create capital programs • Goal is reduction of poverty • Has determined that China is developing Economic Performance • Rapid Economic Growth Overall, Slowing Quickly…. Why? – – – – • • • • Cut Energy Use Liberalize Banking Systems Reduce Coal and Steel Production To Stabilize Growth, Restructure Economy Second Largest Economy, Second Largest GDP Low Unemployment Rate (4.1) Inflation Rate (0.8) Very Low GDP Per Capita New Economic Goals • Create 10M urban jobs • Move from exports to service Social Welfare Education Health Poverty Literacy Rate- 95.1% Life Expectancy-75 Poverty Defined as <1.25 Importance on Testing Infant Mortality Rate 11/1000 More than 82 M live below Poverty Line Creativity Discouraged Health Expenditure Per Capita- $322 High Income Inequality (0.55 Gini Coefficient) Stressed Culturally Smoking Huge Gap Between Rich and Poor Low Access in Countryside Low Quality in Countryside Questionable Statistics because it’s China Civil Liberties, Rights, Freedoms Freedom House Ratings Problems/Issues • • • • • • Low Transparency Detained over 55 activists for freedom of expression Strict Monitoring of Social Media, Online Expression Commits many resources to intelligence agencies, security, societal surveillance Advocates of Democratic reform are punished with prison time US, EU, other NGO’s called for the reform Environment Water Pollution 50% of rivers unsuitable for human contact, 90% of underground water contaminated, 300 M in rural areas rely on unsafe water Biodiversity Loss Air Pollution Manufacturing Industries, 47% of World’s Coal, 5+ Cars, Created “Cancer Villages”, Creating danger for economy, World’s Biggest Producer of Carbon Dioxide Ill planned engineering projects lead to destroyed ecosystems, large areas of forest removed for industrial purposes, air and water pollution contribute to this Population and Migration Population: 1,368,300,000 People 20% of the World’s Population Largest internal migration movement( 230 Million from Rural to Urban) 35 Million Chinese Living Outside of China Han people migrate to minority regions to become majority 103 million Chinese people migrated from urban to rural areas from 1990-2005 Terrorism • • • Since September 11, 2001; PRC has strengthened its involvement with counter terrorism Chinese government has been accused of applying charges of terrorism inconsistently Occurrence of terrorism in China is prominent because of * – – • Uyghurs- largest Turkic ethnic group in Xinjiang & radically Muslim – – – – • restrictions on practice of religion lack of citizen political expression Uyghurs is the PRC’s main source of inner terrorism Source of issue: January 2007 Chinese raid on training camp in Xinjiang * Religious repression has brought conflict across the PRC along with hate and deadly protests Root cause: Complex mix of history, ethnicity, and religion fueled by poverty, unemployment, and political grievances 1959 Tibet Rebellion – Chinese authorities imposed radical social reforms and further restrictions to religious freedom Corruption • • • • • • • Ranked 100 out of 175 most corrupt country (Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index) Corruption in the PRC is one of the main delays towards social and economic development Though expressions of grievances of governmental policies are prohibited in China, civil disobedience is a popular aspect of political participation Corruption has grown in its character in the business world* – Bribery, theft, and misspending of public funds make up 3% of China’s GDP China A vs. China B Graft* Xi Jinping’s anti-corruption campaign* Major Events since 1990 • • • • • • • • • • • 1992: South Korea recognized People’s Republic of China as legitimate state instead of the Republic of China 1996: China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan meet in Shanghai and agree to cooperate to combat ethnic and religious tensions in each others' countries 1996: First direct vote held for President of PRC 1997: Deng Xiaoping(Chinese Statesman) dies at age 92 1999: Falun Gong outlawed as a threat to the country’s stability 2001: China carries out military commands to invade Taiwan 2001: China joins WTO 2004: Taipei 101(tallest building in the world) was completed 2006: Shih anti-corruption campaign 2008: China and Taiwan set up offices in each others’ countries 2010: China takes the lead for world’s biggest exporting country Comparison to Russia Similarities ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Both were/are communist Based off communist ideals Large in area size Many natural resources- coal, etc. Relatively new world powers late 20th century Emphasis on nationalism One major party in both countries- United Russia and Communist Party Lack of Transparency Corruption rates high in both nations Legislative branches are weak in power Differences ● Communism vs Soft Authoritarianism ● One appears to be democratic, while the other has characteristics of democracy ● Population Difference ● Environmental Concerns larger in China ● China has greater economic emphasis ● Russia- asymmetric federalism vs China democratic centralism Comparison to North Korea Similarities: ● Both Communist states ● Premier and Vice Premier are head of government ● Developing countries ● Unicameral legislative branch ● No political opposition groups Differences: ● China has higher GDP growth rate and higher GDP per capita ● China has a way stronger labor force ● China's economy growing more rapidly than North Korea’s ● China’s industry growth rate is a lot higher Future PolicyTrends • China may slowly work towards a more democratic government – Membership in UN – International influence • Policies towards better living standards – Family planning policies – China B needs improvement for economy • Policies on pollution Political Cartoons!!! P Works Cited Works Cited "China: An Emerging Destination for Economic Migration." Migrationpolicy.org. N.p., 31 May 2011. Web. 09 Mar. 2015. "China Energy, Pollution, Environment Facts & Statistics." China Mike RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2015. "China." Overview. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Mar. 2015. "Environmental Problems in China." WWF -. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Mar. 2015. Head, Tom. "History of Human Rights in the People's Republic of China." N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2015. Lallanilla, By Marc. "China's Top 6 Environmental Concerns." LiveScience. TechMedia Network, 15 Mar. 2013. Web. 07 Mar. 2015. N.p., n.d. Web. "You Won’t Believe How Bad Pollution In China Has Become." All That Is Interesting. N.p., 27 Aug. 2014. Web. 10 Mar. 2015.