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Science,
Technology,
Industry
Scoreboard 2011
Innovation and growth in
knowledge economies
Cc
The value of the STI Scoreboard
 Wide-ranging resource book of indicators
 Tracks global trends to inform policy making
 Broad scope – includes BRIICS
 Timely: 2011 context – innovation as part of
solution for sustainable growth
The STI Scoreboard 2011
Knowledge economies – trends and features
Building knowledge
Connecting to knowledge
Targeting new growth areas
Unleashing innovation in firms
Competing in the global economy
Cc
Today’s presentation
 2011 context
 EU assets: science, technology, innovation
 Main productivity and innovation challenges
2011 context
Employment losses per sector
Where people lost their jobs, selected countries, 2009-10
Relative contribution to change in total employment by major sectors of economic activity
Agriculture, forestry and fishing
Construction
Finance, insurance, real estate and business services
%
125
100
75
50
25
0
-25
-50
-75
-100
-125
3
8
28
67
8
7
62
164
Mining, manufacturing and utilities
Wholesale, retail, hotels, transport and communications
Community, social and personal services
74
14
197
361
53
51
56
1118
539
Gains, thousands
Losses,
thousands
-30
-87
-504
-127
-69
-84
-244
-374
-115
-23
-153
-142
-23
-11
-6
-1961 -5999
Source: OECD STI Scoreboard 2011 based on OECD, Structural Analysis (STAN) Database, OECD National Accounts (SNA) Database
and national statistical institutes, June 2011.
Globalisation of manufacturing
Top manufacturers in the last 20 years, 1990, 2000 and 2009
Percentage share of total world manufacturing value added
%
1990
%
2000
2009
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Source: OECD STI Scoreboard 2011 based on United Nations Statistical Division, National Accounts Main Aggregates Database, May 2011.
Emerging players in high-tech. trade
OECD and BRIICS manufacturing trade by technology intensity, 1995-2009
Index 1995 = 100
BRIICS Total manuf.
BRIICS High-tech. manuf.
OECD Total manuf.
OECD High-tech. manuf.
Index
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Source: OECD STI Scoreboard 2011 based on OECD, STAN Bilateral Trade Database (BTD), May 2011.
2007
2008
2009
Economies are specialising
Value added of the top four industries, G7 , 1980-2009
As a percentage of total value added (excluding real estate and the public sector)
%
65
60
United States
55
United
Kingdom
France
Italy
50
45
Canada
Japan
Germany
40
0
35
Source: OECD STI Scoreboard 2011 based on OECD, Structural Analysis Database (STAN), May 2011.
c
The balance sheet:
which assets & strategies
can help?
Assets in the knowledge
economy
Building a critical mass in science
Researchers, per
thousand employment
R&D Volumes in 2000 USD constant prices and PPP
16.0
Finland
BRIICS
North America
EU27
Other OECD members
1 Billion
10 Billion
14.0
Iceland
R&D in OECD and non-OECD
economies, 2009 or latest
available year
Denmark
100 Billion
12.0
Japan
Sweden
Norway
New-Zealand
United States
10.0
Portugal
Korea
France
Canada
Austria
Australia
United Kingdom
Belgium
Estonia
Ireland Slovenia
Spain
Luxembourg
8.0
Slovak Republic
6.0
Russian Federation
Netherlands
Switzerland
Czech Republic
Hungary
Greece
4.0
Poland
Germany
European Union
Italy
Turkey
2.0
Source: OECD, STI Scoreboard 2011 based on Main
Science and Technology Indicators Database, June
2011.
Mexico
China
Chile
South Africa
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
Gross domestic expenditures on
R&D as a percentage of GDP
EU contribution to global HRST talent
Science and engineering graduates at the doctorate level in the OECD area, 2009
By country of graduation
Australia Other countries
6.4%
2.6%
Canada
3.3%
Korea
3.8%
Japan
7.2%
EU
50.4%
United States
26.3
Source: OECD STI Scoreboard 2011 based on OECD, Education Database, September 2011 and on Nordic Institute for Studies in
Innovation, Research and Education (NIFU), May 2011.
Innovation is much broader than R&D…
Product innovators by R&D status 2006-2008
%
R&D-active firms
Firms without R&D
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Source: OECD STI Scoreboard 2011 based on Eurostat (CIS-2008) and national data sources, June 2011.
Investment in intangibles
Investment in fixed and intangible assets as a percentage of GDP, 2006
%
Machinery and equipment
Software and databases
R&D and other intellectual property products
Brand equity, firm-specific human capital, organisational capital
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Source: OECD STI Scoreboard 2011. Data on intangible investment are based on COINVEST [www.coinvest.org.uk] and national estimates
by researchers. Data for fixed investment are OECD calculations based on OECD, Annual National Accounts and EU KLEMS Databases,
March 2010.
Collaboration and innovation
Firms engaged in innovation collaboration by R&D status, 2006-08
As a percentage of R&D-active and R&D non-active firms
R&D-active firms
Firms without R&D
%
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Source: OECD STI Scoreboard 2011 based on Eurostat (CIS-2008) and national data sources, June 2011.
Geographical concentration and innovation
Innovation hotspots in ICT, biotechnologies and nanotechnologies, 2006-08
Share
Shareofofregion
regioninincountry's
country's
biotechnology
biotechnologyand
andnanotechnology
nanotechnologypatents
patents(%)
(%)
100
100
Etela-Suomi (FIN)
Total
Totalpatents
patentsbybyregion
region
Capital Region
(KOR)
Vlaams
Gewest
Hovedstaden
(DNK)
Hovedstaden
(DNK)
1 1000
000patents
patents
(BEL)
Southern KantoWien
(JPN)
10 2
000
500patents
patents
West-Nederland
West-Nederland
(NLD)
(NLD)
50
15000
000patents
patents
(AUT)
de France
Île de Île
France
(FRA)
(FRA)
California
Lombardia
(ITA)
Chungcheong
Region (USA)
Rhône-Alpes
(KOR)
(FRA) Eastern (GBR)
Nordrhein-Westfalen
Nordrhein-Westfalen
(DEU)
(DEU)
Massachusetts (USA)
1010
Maryland (USA)
Pennsylvania
(USA)
Niedersachsen
(DEU)
New Jersey (USA)
North Carolina (USA)
(CAN)
Zuid-Nederland
(NLD)
Stockholm
Bayern
(DEU)(SWE)
Bayern (DEU)
SouthEast
East(GBR)
(GBR)
South
Hessen
Tokai(GBR)
(JPN)
London
(DEU)
Scotland (GBR)
Berlin
(DEU)
Zuid-Nederland
(NLD)
Ontario
Baden-Wuerttemberg
Baden-Württemberg
(DEU)
(DEU)
Provence-AlpesCôte D'Azur (FRA)
New York (USA)
Guangdong (CHN)
Texas (USA)
Washington (USA)
Illinois (USA)
Minnesota (USA)
11
11
10
10
Axes
Axesininlogarithmic
logarithmicscale
scale
Source: OECD STI Scoreboard 2011 based on OECD, REGPAT Database, June 2011.
100
100
Share
Shareofofregion
regioninincountry's
country's
ICT-related
ICT-relatedpatents
patents(%)
(%)
Emerging technological innovation
Countries’ share of patents for energy generation from renewable and non-fossil sources,
2007-09
%
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Source: OECD STI Scoreboard 2011 based on OECD, Patent Database, May 2011.
Challenges for increased
productivity and innovation
Productivity
Labour productivity growth at the total economy level, 1985-2010
Annual growth rates
%
Euro area
United States
Japan
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
-1
-2
-3
-4
Source: OECD STI Scoreboard 2011 based on OECD, Productivity Database, June 2011.
Sweden
Quality of patents declining
Patent quality index by country 1990-2000 and 2000-2010
Composite index based on patents granted by the EPO
Index
Average 1990-2000
Average 2000-2010
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
Source: OECD STI Scoreboard 2011 based on the Worldwide Patent Statistical Database, EPO, April 2011.
But countries build technological advantage
Patent quality index by technology field, 2000-10
Patent quality index
Country with the maximum
patent quality index
Solar energy
Micro- and
nano-tech.
JPN
Wind energy
Fuel cells
USA
Food
chemistry
USA
Thermal
devices
USA
Other consumer
goods
Handling
Semiconductors
Measurement
Chemical eng.
Optics
Engines, pumps,
turbines
Electrical machinery
Polymers
Audio-visual tech.
Other machines
Textile and paper
machines
Surface and
coating
Telecom.
Materials,
metallurgy
Bio materials
Basic
comm.
Environ.
tech.
Civil eng.
Control
devices
Digital
communication
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Index
KOR
CAN,KOR
Computer tech.
KOR
AUS
AUS
Medical tech.
AUS
Transport
KOR
CAN
NOR
Organic chemistry
Pharmaceuticals
KOR
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Biotechnology
0.4
0.0
0.1
Index
Source: OECD STI Scoreboard 2011 based on the Worldwide Patent Statistical Database, EPO, April 2011.
0.2
0.3
0.4
Index
Technology edge is shifting
Revealed technological advantage, 1997-99 and 2007-09
Index based on patent applications filed under the PCT
Index
ICT
Index
3.0
1.5
Biotechnologies
2.5
1.0
2.0
1.5
0.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.0
Index
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Nanotechnologies
Source: OECD STI Scoreboard 2011 based on OECD, Patent Database, May 2011.
Technology edge in ICT
OECD terrestrial mobile wireless broadband subscriptions
by technology, June 2010
Satellite
Terrestrial fixed wireless
Standard mobile broadband subscriptions
Dedicated mobile data subscriptions
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Source: OECD STI Scoreboard 2011 based on OECD, Broadband Portal, June 2011.
Non-technological innovation
Service-related trademarks applications at USPTO and OHIM, 1997-99 and 2007-09
2007-09
1997-1999
%
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Source: OECD STI Scoreboard 2011 based on US Patent and Trademark Office (2011), “The USPTO Trademark Casefile
Dataset (1884-2010)”; OHIM Community Trademark Database; CTM Download, April 2010; JPO (2008-2010), Annual
Reports; OECD, National Accounts Database, June 2011; and IMF, World Economic Outlook Database, June 2011
Supporting business innovation
Direct government
fundingsupport
of business
R&D R&D
Total government
to business
Direct
government
funding of
business R&D
and tax
incentives for
R&D, 2009
Indirect government support to business R&D (R&D tax incentives)
GDP
%%GDP
0.40
0.40
0.35
0.35
0.30
0.30
No data/cost estimate available
0.25
0.25
0.20
0.20
0.15
0.15
0.10
0.10
0.05
0.05
0.00
0.00
Source: OECD STI Scoreboard 2011 based on OECD R&D tax incentives questionnaires, January 2010 and June
2011; and OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators Database, June 2011.
In large but also small firms
Government financed BERD by firm size 2009
As a percentage of total government-financed BERD
%
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Firms with fewer than 50 employees
Firms with 50 to 249 employees
Source: OECD STI Scoreboard 2011 based on OECD, Research and Development Database, May 2011.
Patenting activity of young firms
Patenting activity of young firms 2007-2009
%
Share of patenting firms under 5 years old
Share of patents filed by firms under 5 years old
50
40
30
20
10
0
Source: OECD STI Scoreboard 2011 based on the Worldwide Patent Statistical Database, EPO, April 2011; and ORBIS©
Database, Bureau van Dijk Electronic Publishing, December 2010; matched using algorithms in the Imalinker system
developed for the OECD by IDENER, Seville, 2011.
Building knowledge centres of excellence
University
hotspots –
geographical
distribution of
highest impact
institutions
2009
Universities
50
45
40
35
USA
30
UK
Other EU
25
Other OECD
200
Asia
B*I*CS
Source: OECD STI Scoreboard 2011 based on OECD and SCImago Research Group (CSIC) (forthcoming), Report on Scientific Production,
based on Scopus Custom Data, Elsevier, June 2011.
Globalisation of STI talent
International students enrolled in SE fields at
the tertiary level, 2009
As a % of all international students at the tertiary level
S&E enrolments at the tertiary level - 5A, 2009
As a % of all enrolments (domestic and international
students) at the tertiary level - 5A
%
%
60
60
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
Source: OECD, Education at a Glance 2011: OECD Indicators, OECD, Paris.
Netherlands
Japan
Australia
Italy
United Kingdom
Canada (2008)
France
Switzerland
United States
Germany
Finland
0
Sweden
Netherlands
United States
Australia
Canada (2008)
Japan
Italy
Switzerland
United Kingdom
Sweden
France
Germany
10
Finland
0
To finish….
How to stimulate innovation
 More international collaboration (research
& firms) for higher impact
 Competitive markets – to encourage
entrepreneurial firms as well as incumbents
 Knowledge networks and markets –
managing flow and ensuring quality
Science,
Technology,
Industry
Scoreboard 2011
Comments, questions,
discussion
www.oecd.org/sti/scoreboard