Download Primary metabolite versus Secondary metabolite: Distribution

****Side effect:
-dependence
-Photosensitivity
-Electrolyte imbalance( hypertension and hypokalemia)
-Colonic atony.
-Colonic melanoma.
*****Contraindication:
Pregnancy
Breast feeding women.
Children under the age of 12 years old.
*****Drug interaction:
Other laxative.
Cardiac glycoside.
Diuretic steroid.
Antibiotics.
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***Pharmacodynamics and
pharmacokinetics.
Stomach: partial hydrolysis for O-glycoside.
(so large bulk dose is used)
Small intestine:
Absorption for non-polar; smaller Mwt.
Aglycon.
Colon:
Activation by normal flora for both O- and Cglycoside
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***Physicochemical
properties ,
-Combined form are soluble in aqueous alcohol and
chlorinated solvent.
-Free aglycone is soluble in chlorinated solvent and
alcohols.
-Detection for free anthraquinone is done using
borntrager’s test.
-Detection for combined anthraquinone and dimmer
is done using modified borntrager’s test which
uses:
-acid and heat to free O-glycoside.
-Acid, heat and oxidizing agent to oxidatively cleave
C- glycosides.
-Heat and oxidizing agent to oxidatively cleave Cglycosides
3 -Quantitation: done on the principle of borntragers
*******Natural source for anthraquinone
glycosides:
***Senna:
-Botanical source:
Leaveas and legumes of:
Cassia acutifolia
fam. Fabaceae
Cassia angustifolia
-Chemical structure
-Pharmacological activity:
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-Aloin A:
-A in β-configuration.
-B in α-configuration
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Aloinoside A and B :
-A in β-configuration.
-B in α-configuration.
Aloinoside A and B:
-monoanthrone; Bidesmoside, O-glycosides
at C-11 and C- glycoside at C-10.
-C-10 chiral centre where C- linkage of r
Glucose unit.
Rhamnose is the sugar part in β- position at
C-11.
-Both are enantiomer (mirror image isomer).-Aloin A is enantiomer for Aloin B, it has no sugar at C-11, but has CH2OH, so it is
monodesmoside.
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***Rhubarb:
-Botanical source:
Root of Rheum palmatum
plygonaceae.
-Chemical structure
-Pharmacological activity:
Used as laxative and to treat
ulceration of oral mucosa.
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******Flavonoid:
-Classification based on:
1- Degree of oxidation.
2- Position of Phenolic group
3-Degree of unsaturation.
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