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Beer Foam Stability: From Head to Toe John Stephenson November 25, 2003 Prepared for Simon Hesp Chem 348 What is beer? Barley Steeped in water to germinate Starches converted to sugars Dried Hops Bitter flavor, aromatic scent Yeast Converts sugars to alcohol What is foam? Foam is a continuous liquid phase that entraps gas Formed by two methods: Dispersion: injecting air, blowing bubbles, shaking, whipping Agglomeration: boiling liquids, super-saturated solutions Characteristics of beer foam: Stability Color Texture (bubble size) Adherence to glass (“lacing”) More about foam… Pure liquids and saturated solutions do not form foams require Unstable surface active agents--surfactants foams: Fatty acids, higher alcohols, inorganic salts Metastable foams: Soaps, detergents, proteins No foam is thermodynamically stable Types of foam Kugelschaum Small nearly spherical bubbles in thick, viscous fluid Polyederschaum Space-filled arrangement of polyhedral gas bubbles within thin liquid films Most common type of foam, thus most studied kind of foam Why study beer foam? 125 billion liters of beer brewed world wide Along with clarity and color, one of the first indicators of quality to be noticed Who studies it? Beer companies Anheuser-Busch, Molson Brewery, Labatt Brewing, South African Breweries and other conglomerates Academics Food scientists, physicists, chemists, chemical engineers What causes it? Nucleation of super-saturated carbon dioxide forms bubbles Formation of foam linear function of CO2 content Bubbles entrapped by thin aqueous film containing excess surfactant conc. What improves foam? Natural: Barley proteins Melanoidins Polysaccharides Hop resin acids Unnatural to beer: Gum arabic Albumin Gellan gum Enzymes to break apart naturally occurring proteins increasing their concentrations What impairs foaming action? Displacement of a good frother with a poor frother High ethanol levels Fatty acids di and trihydroxyoctadecanoic acids Lipids Detergents Ether Foam stability Refers to the time before the bulk foam decays, depends on: Drainage Coalescence Elasticity of the films Foam structure Three bubbles: Plateau’s Border: Drainage High curvature of the border means that the pressure of the liquid is lower than that of the bulk film causing a flow of liquid. (Shaw, 1992) Flow between two parallel plates: Elasticity Prevents breakage of the film as it thins out due to mechanical stress References Adamson A.W. 1990. "Physical Chemistry of Surfaces", 5th Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 544-550. Bamforth, C. 2003. "Charlie Bamforth Brewing and Malting" http://foodscience.ucdavis.edu/bamforth Bikerman J. J. "Foams: Theory and Industrial Applications", Reinhold Publishing, New York. pp. 1-25, 40, 98-99, 180. Bilinski C., Choi H., Mussar K. 1991. "Foam stabilizing proteinase" United States Patent 5,035,902. Clare K., Lawson M.A. 1990. "Foamstabilized malt beverage" United States Patent 5,196,220. Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2003. "Beer" http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/b1/beer.a sp Evans D.E. and Sheehan M.C. 2002. "Don't Be Fobbed Off: The Substance of Beer Foam-A Review" J. Am. Soc. Brew. Chem. 60(2): 47-57. Kobayashi N., Segawa S., Umemoto S., Kuroda H., Kaneda H., Mitani Y. 2002. "A New Method for Evaluating FoamDamaging Effect by Free Fatty Acids" J. Am. Soc. Brew. Chem. 60(1): 37-41. Kunst A, Schmedding D.M.; van Schie B.J., Veenema M.J. 1997. "Emulsifier from yeast" European Patent 0 790 316. Lusk L.T., Goldstein H. and Ryder D. "Independent Role of Beer Proteins, Melanoidins and Polysaccharides in Foam Formation" J. Am. Soc. Brew. Chem. 53(3): 93-103, 1995. May K., Jeelani S.A.K., Panoussopoulos K., Hartland S. 1996. "Foam head and stability of beer foams" Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Quarterly 10(3), 107-112 Shaw D.J. 1992. "Introduction to Colloid and Surface Chemistry", 4th Ed., Butterworths, London, pp. 270-76. Smith R.J. and Davidson D. 1998. "Natural Foam Stabilizing and Bittering Compounds Derived from Hops" J. Am. Soc. Brew. Chem. 56(2):52-57. Thank you! Comments? Questions?