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Weather and Climate
Heat Transfer (pages 468-471)
1. Match the type of heat transfer with its example.
C
radiation
a. drying your boots over a hot-air vent
B
conduction
b. burning your feet on hot sand
A
convection
c. feeling the sun’s warmth on your face
2. Most of the heating of the troposphere is caused by convection
3. The upward movement of warm air and the downward movement of cool air form convection currents
Winds (pages 472-480)
4. The horizontal movement of air from an area of high pressure to an area of lower pressure is referred to as
wind
5. Differences in air pressure are caused by unequal heating of the atmosphere.
6. Match the instrument with what it measures.
B
wind vane
a. wind speed
A
anemometer
b.wind direction
7. True or false: A south wind blows from the south toward the south --north
8. Winds that blow over short distances are called local winds
9. Local winds are caused by unequal heating of Earth’s surface within a small area
10. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about the unequal heating of land and water.
a. Land warms up faster than water.
b. During the day, air over water is warmer than air over land.
c. Water cools more quickly than land.
d. At night, air over water is cooler than air over land.
11. Label the drawings to indicate which drawing shows a sea breeze and which drawing shows a land breeze
Sea breeze
Land breeze
12. Winds; that blow steadily from specific directions over long distances are called global winds
13. Identify the global wind belts and calm areas in the figure:
a. polar easterlies
b. prevailing westerlies
c. horse latitudes
d. trade winds
e. doldrums
14. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about global winds:
a. They are caused by unequal heating of Earth’s surface
b. They are produced by the movement of air between the equator and the poles.
c. They blow in a straight line from the poles toward the equator.
d. They curve because of Earth’s rotation.
15. As Earth rotates, the Coriolis effect causes wind in the Northern Hemisphere to turn toward the right
16. The calm areas around Earth include the doldrums and the horse latitudes
17. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about jet streams.
a. They are about 100 kilometers above Earth’s surface.
b. They are hundreds of kilometers wide.
c. They blow from east to west.
d. They blow at speeds of 200 to 400 kilometers per hour.
Building Vocabulary – Winds
18. A wind is a horizontal movement of air from an area of high pressure to an area of lower pressure.
19. Wind speed is measured with a(n) anemometer
20. The increased cooling that a wind can cause is called the wind-chill factor
21. local winds are winds that blow over short distances.
22. The flow of air from an ocean or lake to the land is called a sea breeze
23. The flow of air from land to a body of water is called a land breeze
24. Sea and land breezes over a large region that change direction with the seasons are called monsoons
25. Winds that blow steadily from specific directions over long distances are global winds
26. The way Earth’s rotation makes winds curve is called the Coriolis effect
27. Bands of high-speed winds about 10 kilometers above Earth’s surface are called jet streams
Humidity (page 482)
28. A measure of the amount of water vapor in the air is humidity
29. Relative humidity is the percentage of water vapor in the air compared to the maximum amount the
air could hold.
Air Masses and Fronts (pages 496-502)
30. What is an air mass? A huge body of air that has similar temperature, humidity, and air pressure
throughout.
31. Scientists classify air masses according to temperature and humidity
32. True or false: Polar air masses have low air pressure.
33. Complete the compare/contrast table:
Types of Air Masses and Their Characteristics
Type of Air Mass
Maritime Tropical
Maritime Polar
Characteristics
Warm and humid
Cool and humid
Continental Tropical
Hot and dry
Continental Polar
Cool and dry
34. In the continental United States, major wind belts generally push air masses from west to east
35. Label the drawings to indicate a cold front and a warm front.
cold front
warm front
36. Match the type of front with how it forms.
C cold front
A. a slowly moving cold air mass.
A warm front
B. a warm air mass is caught between two cooler air masses.
D stationary front
C. a rapidly moving cold air mass runs into a slowly moving warm air mass.
B occluded front
D. a cold air mass and a warm air mass meet and remain stalled over an area.
Building Vocabulary – Air Masses and Fronts
37. A huge body of air that has similar temperature, humidity, and air pressure throughout it is called a(n) air
mass .
38. tropical air masses form in the tropics and have low pressure.
39. Air masses that form over oceans are called maritime air masses.
40. polar air masses form north of 50° north latitude and south of 50° south latitude.
41. The area where air masses meet and do not mix becomes a(n) front
42. continental air masses form over land, in the middle of continents.
43. A warm air mass that is cut off from the ground is said to be occluded
44. A swirling center of low air pressure is called a(n) cyclone
45. anticyclones are high-pressure centers of dry air.
Cyclones and Anticyclones (pages 501-502)
46. A swirling center of low air pressure is called a(n) cyclone
47. True or false: Winds spiral inward toward the center of a cyclone.
48. True or false: Winds in an anticyclone spin clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere.
Storms (pages 503-511)
49. A sudden energy discharge between parts of a cloud or between the cloud and the ground is called
lightning
50. What is a tornado? Rapidly whirling, funnel-shaped cloud that reaches down from a storm cloud to
touch earth’s surface.
51. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about where and when tornadoes occur.
a. Tornadoes are most likely in late summer and early fall. summer
b. Tornadoes occur often in the Great Plains.
c. Tornadoes occur more often in the United States than in any other country.
d. Tornadoes can occur in just a few parts of the United States.
52. Where is the safest place to be during a tornado? In the basement of a well built building
53. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about a hurricane.
a. It is a tropical storm.
b. It has winds of at least 159 kilometers per hour.
c. It is typically about 60 kilometers across.
d. It forms over water.
54. Fill in each blank in the diagram with one of the following phrases: path of hurricane; eye of hurricane; warm moist air;
wind direction
Eye of hurricane
Warm moist air
Path of hurricane
Wind direction
55. The quiet center of a hurricane is called the eye
56. True or false: Hurricanes do not last as long as other storms.
57. True or false: If you hear a hurricane warning and are told to evacuate, you should leave the area immediately.
Building Vocabulary – Storms
58. C
storm
a. a tropical storm that has winds of 119 kilometers per hour or higher
59. B
lightning
b. a sudden spark, or energy discharge, between parts of a cloud or between
the cloud and the ground
60. F
tornado
c. a violent disturbance in the atmosphere
61. A
hurricane
d. a rapidly whirling, funnel-shaped cloud that reaches down from a storm cloud
to touch Earth’s surface
62. D
storm surge
e. move away temporarily
63. E
evacuate
f. a “dome” of water that sweeps across the coast where a hurricane lands
Predicting the Weather (pages 519-525)
64. Scientists who study the causes of weather and try to predict it are called meteorologists
65. A warm-water event that occurs periodically in the Pacific Ocean is called El Nino
66. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about El Nino.
a. When it occurs, warm surface water is pushed toward South America.
b. It prevents cold water from rising to the surface near the coast of South America.
c. It occurs once every five to ten years.
d. It can affect weather patterns in places as far away as Florida.
67. What data are shown on a weather map? Weather maps show amount of cloud cover, atmospheric pressure,
wind direction, wind speed, and temperature for individual weather stations. Weather maps also show the
location of air masses and fronts.
68. Use the weather station to the right to determine the weather information requested below.
a. temperature 38°F
b. air pressure 1018 millibars
c. wind direction Southwest
69. Use the information provided in the weather boxes on the map to answer the following questions.
a. What is the temperature in Des Moines, Iowa? 28°F
b. What is the wind speed in Atlanta, Georgia? 15-20 mph
c. What type of weather warning is likely being issued in Miami, Florida? hurricane
d. What is the wind direction in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma? West
e. What is the barometric pressure in Columbus, Ohio? 30.6 inches
f. Is the barometric pressure rising, falling, or remaining steady in Kansas City, Missouri? It is falling
because of the symbol—it is pointing down to the right
g. What is the percentage of cloud cover in Memphis, Tennessee? 70-80%
h. What type of precipitation is occurring in St. Louis, Missouri? drizzle
i. From your understanding of barometric pressure, identify and label an area of stormy weather with
very low pressure on the map. Miami
j. What type of weather is likely to occur in Tampa in several hours? Explain a hurricane. The hurricane in
Miami is being steered west by the trade winds (they blow from the east).
k. Plot the data (from the chart below) on the map for the cities that are missing weather boxes.
70. Fill in the blanks in the table below by interpreting the symbols on the map.
Weather Factor
Temperature (°F)
Cloud Cover
Wind Direction
Wind Speed (MPH)
Air Pressure (inches)
Denver
78
Partly cloudy
North
3-8 mph
30.3
Chicago
78
Partly cloudy
West
9-14 mph
30.05
New York
74
cloudy
southeast
3-8 mph
30
71. Match the term with its definition:
B isobar
a. lines on a weather map joining places that have the same temperature
A isotherm
b. lines on a weather map joining places that have the same air pressure
72. Why is weather forecasting tricky, even with current technology? Weather patterns do not follow an
orderly, step-by-step process.
73. True or false: The butterfly effect refers to the fact that a small change in the weather today can mean a
larger change in the weather a week later.
What Causes Climate? (pages 514-521)
74. The average, year-after-year conditions of temperature, precipitation, winds, and clouds in an area is the
climate
75. The main factors that affect precipitation are prevailing winds and presence of mountains
76. Why does precipitation occur when warm air rises? Warm air carries more water vapor than cold air.
When the warm air rises & cools, water comes out of the air.
77. True or false: Winds blowing inland from oceans carry less water than winds blowing from land.
78. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about the effect of mountain ranges on precipitation.
a. Precipitation falls on the leeward side of mountains.
b. The windward side of mountains is in a rain shadow.
c. Air that flows over the mountains absorbs a lot of water vapor as it rises.
d. Precipitation falls on the side of the mountain that the oncoming wind his.
79. What are the main factors that influence temperature? Latitude, altitude, distance from large bodies of
water, and ocean currents.
80. It is warmer near the equator because the sun’s rays strike Earth’s surface mostly directly there.
81. Identify the three temperature zones on Earth’s surface that are based on latitude. Shade the tropical
zone-- red, the temperate zone-- green, and the polar zone—blue. Also label the Tropic of Cancer, the
Tropic of Capricorn, and the Equator.
POLAR ZONE
TEMPERATE
ZONE
TROPIC OF
CANCER
TROPIC OF
CAPRICORN
TROPICAL
ZONE
TEMPERATE
ZONE
POLAR ZONE
82. True or false: Areas at high altitudes have cool climates no matter what their latitude.
83. Match the type of climate with its description:
A
B
marine climate
continental climate
a. relatively warm winters and cool summers
b. cold winters and warm or hot summers
84. The climate characteristics of a small specific area is a(n) microclimate
Climate Regions (pages 524-533)
85. What are the two major factors that scientists use to classify climates?
a. temperature
86. What are the five major climate regions?
a. tropical rainy
b. dry
c. temperate marine
d. temperate continental
e. polar
b. precipitation
87. True or false: A highland can occur within any of the other climate regions.
88. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about a tropical wet climate.
a. It has heavy rainfall year-round
b. it is hot year-round
c. Rainforests grown in this type of climate
d. Florida has this type of climate.
89. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about a tropical wet-and-dry climate.
a. it has a wet season and a dry season
b. it is hot year-round
c. tropical grasslands grow in this type of climate
e. Hawaii has this type of climate.
Dry climates:
90. Arid regions, which get less than 25 centimeters of rain every year, are also called deserts
91. Where are there arid climates in the United States? deserts
92 Complete the compare/contrast table for the temperature marine climate:
Temperate Marine Climates
Characteristics
Regions Where it is Found
Cool & wet
Pacific Northwest
Mediterranean
Warm & dry
Southern coast of California
Humid subtropical
Warm & wet
Southeastern United States
Type of Climate
Marine west coast
93. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about temperature continental climate.
a. They are found in both Northern and Southern hemispheres
b. They are greatly influenced by oceans.
c. They have extremes of temperature.
d. They are found in the northeastern United States.
94. Complete the compare/contrast table for the polar climates:
Type of Climate
Ice cap
Polar Climates
Warmest Temperature
0°C (freezing)
Organisms Found There
Only lichens and a few low plants
Tundra
Cool summers, cold winters
Many kinds of plants & animals