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IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331, Volume 7, Issue 1 (Jul. - Aug. 2013), PP 20-27
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New Synchronizing Strategy to Control a Micro grid in Islanded
Mode
1, 2
Mr. Solanke Tirupati U.1, Mr. Kulkarni Anant A.2
(Electrical, Electronic & power Department, College/Dr. BAM University, India)
Abstract : The micro grid is the combination of multiple distributed generators to solve global warming
problems by reducing carbon dioxide emission in the electricity generation field had led to increasing interest in
micro grids (MGs), particularly those containing the renewable sources such as solar and wind generation are
widely used in actual practice due to easy availability of renewable source of energy. Due to wide use of these
in Isolated micro grid large fluctuations are over comes, this paper describe the new method of micro grid
controlling Strategy introduced using this technique the Islanded micro grid over come fluctuation problem the
controller aims to optimize the operation of micro grid central controller during the Islanded mode i.e.
maximize the performance of micro grid. The developed operational algorithms are applied to the micro grid
similarly the controller increases the performance of active power, variable frequency, phase angle the
practical results are provided to validate the control scheme using fuzzy-PI controller
Keywords: Micro grid, Diesel Generator, BESS, Micro grid Central Controller, IED/STS, EPS
I.
INTRODUCTION
The technological developments in the last few years are bringing up new forms and environmental
issues changed the face of electricity generation and transmission systems. [1],[3] Reducing carbon emission in
the electricity generation process, a recent technological development in micro generation domain, and
electricity business restructuring are the main factors that led to the growing interest in using micro generations.
In fact, connecting small generation units (micro sources) with power rating less than few tens of
kilowatts to low-voltage networks potentially increases the reliability for end-users. This brings additional
benefits to the global system operation and planning regarding investment reduction for future grid
reinforcement and expansion. [13] The micro grid (MG) is intended to operate in the following two different
modes.
1) Simple Mode : In this mode, the micro grid connected to main grid
2) Islanded Mode/Isolated Mode: In this mode of operation of micro grid is disconnected from the to the
main grid but continually run in the Islanded Mode due to failure in the main grid or high disturbances created
in the micro grid. Using the either renewable source of energy (e.g. wind and solar energy like co-generation
mode). A Combined heat and power (CHP) system recovers waste heat and high efficiency, while
improvements in reliability and power quality are the other benefits. By customizing the power quality of micro
grid provide reliable and flexible power to consumer and provides benefits these can be classified into two
major groups:
a. Economical/Environmental
b. Power quality
The number of micro grid studies conducted to control the mode of operation of micro grid and many major
practical research projects underway all over the world
II.
MICRO GRID CONTROL
This paper corresponds to an active scheme of synchronizing control system for the micro grid. If a
blackout occurs, restoration times need to be reduced as much as possible to ensure a high level of reliability.
Power system conventional restoration procedures are usually developed before any emergency situation occurs,
which experience to deal with the problem. Furthermore, the size and specific characteristics of each of the
actual power systems precludes the definition of a MicroGrid. [2]The MG operational architecture was
developed within the European Union R&D MicroGrid project and is presented in Fig. 1. It comprises an LV
network, MV network, HV network loads (some of them interruptible), both controllable and no controllable
MS, storage devices, and a hierarchical-type management and control scheme supported by a communication
infrastructure used to monitor and control MS and loads.
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New Synchronizing Strategy to Control a Micro grid in Islanded Mode
Figure 1. Basic Structure of MicroGrid plant.
2.1. Basic Scheme for Active Synchronizing
Figure1.Shows Basic scheme and signal flow of Synchronization control. The MicroGrid central
controller (MGCC) is the central control unit for the active synchronization scheme. At first the MicroGrid
Central Controller decides the system’s practical control according to the Electrical Power System performance
the IED send the operational signal to STS of each DG. Simultaneously each DG send analog signal towards
IED and, then MCC calculates and distributes the control commands using synchronizing algorithm. Using this
control algorithm controlling commands control the frequency, voltage, Phase angle
2.2. Synchronizing Measurement Criteria
Figure2. Shows detail description of IED as well as STS the IED responsible for measuring the signals
for the synchronization to ON/OFF. The IED senses the three-phase parameters of each side and evaluate the
phase difference, frequency these signals of both sides are to be compared and these compared results send
towards the MicroGrid Central Controller (MGCC) via the network. While, the permissive commands from
MGCC are enables the IED to switch ON/OFF when comparative results satisfy synchronizing criteria i.e. phase
and Frequency. To measure the frequency, phase difference the simple method for precise measurement
adopted. The reference phase transformation method is used to measure the phase difference and also we adopt
the signal conditioner for unbalance voltage compensations.
2.3. Active Synchronization
The Micro Grid control operation is fully controlled using a hierarchical approach for decentralized
control. In actual practice the various controlling methods are considered like primary, secondary and tertiary
control level. In this paper the secondary level is to be considered in this the only voltage and frequency
recovered due to The every controllable DG is able to adjust the both voltage and frequency set points, so that
MCC can generate the offset commands and delivers them to each generating unit via the same network.[8] The
frequency difference is due to the disagreement in the rotational speed of DG to reduce these frequency
difference PI controller is used but instead of using PI controller the effective scheme for frequency control is
the fuzzy control scheme is also used for fast response. For example solar fuel cell has fastest response for long
time to change the output, is responsible for the higher frequency band but in actual practice the solar fuel cell
MicroGrid plant.
The diesel generator takes a long time to get the desired frequency it’s responsible for the lowest
frequency band using the low pass filter. Although the all frequencies are matched perfectly the switch cannot
be turned ON due to phase difference. The installation of a separate DG that is wholly responsible for the phasedifference control would give us the best solution. However the limited number of DG can responsible for the
high frequency can serve the as perfectly phase-difference controller. The Figure3. Shown results the
unpredictable with the frequency difference control and also for the phase –difference. To nullify these
frequency-difference the PI controller used and for the phase-difference control fuzzy controller can be used.
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New Synchronizing Strategy to Control a Micro grid in Islanded Mode
Figure 2. Scheme of Intelligent Electronic Device
Figure 3. New fuzzy Algorithm for the synchronization
III.
TEST SYSTEM AND SIMULATION
In the following sections, the conventional proportional integral (PI) controller, FUZZY controller is
briefly described, while the three proposed controllers are described in detail.
3.1. Conventional PI controller
The conventional PI controller scheme is shown in Figure 4 it’s used to maintain the output power of
the wind generator like BESS and also for DG at its rated level. Therefore, the limitations of this controller are
described in detail as the advantages of the conventional PI controller are its simple and reliable features. The
disadvantage of the PI controller is that it works only when the wind speed exceeds the nominal value.
Therefore, it cannot help in the smoothing of the output power.
3.2. Fuzzy Controller
The new implemented adaptive control scheme is used to improve the performance of MicroGrid in
Islanded mode of operation. Using the fuzzy control algorithm the new control scheme is develop by simple
controlling the phase difference The efficient synchronization can be occurred above the unit network modeled
delay of 500ms.The effect of synchronizing performance can be seen at the different network delay modeled as
a zero-order hold with time delay element. [14]For the exact comparison with the same conditions, the digital
filters of the MCC are recalculated at each case.
Figure 4. Fuzzy design procedure
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New Synchronizing Strategy to Control a Micro grid in Islanded Mode
The cascade structure of a conventional PID controller, a one-input fuzzy PI controller is proposed an
error signal is defined by with being a reference input, and a plant response at time instant. The controller output
(or, control input to a plant) [4]the triangular membership functions defined for single input three fuzzy rule
base system is used the fuzzy member ship functions are mamdani with the three control rules described in the
Figure5.
Figure 5.Fuzzy membership functions using three rules
Figure 6. Two DGs connected by line impedance
3.3. Dynamic Modeling and simulation results
The feasibility of active and reactive power sharing starts with the active and reactive power flows
between the two ac power sources through the impedance Z= R+jX. [6] The active power is the real power can
be defined as actual available voltage into actual current and the active power is always positive meanwhile the
reactive
Power is average of actual power and active power these two different powers present in EPS due to
the resistive / inductive load. The active power P and reactive power Q shown in Figure 6
Figure 7. Synchronization of MicroGrid
If the transmission line is mainly inductive loads, where the resistance can be neglected, and phase
angle between two voltages is given as
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New Synchronizing Strategy to Control a Micro grid in Islanded Mode
These equations can implies the exact active and reactive powers are proportional to the voltage
difference and phase angle difference to verify the effectiveness of the active scheme of synchronization control
of an Isolated MicroGrid.[1] we built the new simulation using MATLAB/Simulink software using simpower
system toolbox and Control system toolbox. Which contains the circuit breakers, transformers, RLC loads,
transmission line the designing allows dynamic model to fast and simply to simulate power systems.
Figure 7. Shows the simulation setup of active synchronization the electrical power system simulated
for the MicroGrid. The detailed dynamic behavior for MCC, BESS, DG1 and DG2 are also described. Based on
a survey report four devices are widely used for manual/auto synchronization presently. These devices are Synccheck relays, voltage relays, synchronizing relays and the automatic synchronizer. [11]- [12] The traditional
method for measuring the synchronizing criteria is to use the zero crossing signals of two voltages. Zero
crossing method is widely used because It has a Simple structure and it provides high accuracy. However it has
major disadvantages, particularly on long measurement period and is weak against harmonics and noises
3.4. Synchronizing Model
As described in the previous section, a synchronizer model was developed Figure 8. The synchronizer
takes two three-phase voltage signals as the input. Then, each signal is sent to the signal conditioner. The signal
conditioner blocks Figure 9. makes the three-phase balanced signal that will eliminate the side effects of an
imbalance.[1] The block uses a three-phase sequence analyzer to make a positive-sequence voltage and Mat lab
function named SigConditioner is for producing virtual three-phase balanced signals.[11] We had used a
discrete virtual PLL block to produce 60-Hz reference sine and cosine signals. Signals after the signal
conditioner are used in the frame transformation block (Angle Detect) to check each magnitude and phase angle.
Matlab function Synchro produces the phase-angle difference (Sync Angle) and generates the breaker trigger
signal when the synchronizing criteria are met
Figure 8. Synchronizer model control
For the control of the engine speed and the generator voltage, a Sync- Ctrl block exists. For the control
of generator output voltage, a PI regulator was used. And for the control of engine speed and synchronization, a
simple rule-based controller was used.
Figure 9. Signal Conditioner
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New Synchronizing Strategy to Control a Micro grid in Islanded Mode
3.4. Simulation conditions and results
The dynamic model of the MicroGrid with the active Synchronizing control scheme in Figure7 the
MATLAB simulation is performed. Due to the limitation of the simulation time, the rate limiters of the DG’s
offset command input are intentionally discarded The results are shown in Fig. 10 for the case of 500ms
network delay. The three graphs in the first row show the variations of the active powers of DGs (red: DE1,
green: DE2, blue: BESS) for each case, respectively. The second row shows the graphs of the frequency
variations (blue: EPS, green: MicroGrid). The graphs in the third row show the trajectories of the angle
difference for the 500ms network delay. Finally the graphs at the bottom are the offset commands (red: DE1,
green: DE2, blue: BESS)
Figure 10. Simulation results using fuzzy Algorithm at 500ms time delay
Figure 11. Simulation results using PI Algorithm at 500ms time delay
It is shown in the figure 10 that the active synchronization is initiated at 500ms. Then, by the control
algorithm of the MCC, the offset command is distributed to the DGs through the frequency filters. It can be seen
that the active power is distributed among the controllable DGs along the synchronization process. To see the
network delay effect to the synchronizing control performance, the simulation case with 500 ms is selected. The
network delay is modeled as a zero-order hold with a time-delay element. For the exact comparison with the
same conditions, the digital filters of the MCC are recalculated at each case. For 500ms delay, using fuzzy
controller the simulation shows that a smooth synchronization is achieved. And the simulation result for 200-ms
delay shows marginally acceptable in synchronization. However, for the case of 500-ms delay, the
synchronization cannot be achieved using the PI controller and the failure in MicroGrid operation is observed.
The table I show the comparative result obtained
Synchronizing results at 500ms network delay
Sr
no.
1
2
3
4
Synchronizing criteria
Frequency +/- 0.1Hz
Angle difference <+/- 2 deg.
Active power
Synchronization
PI controller
60.5 to 61.5 Hz
+75 deg.
Uncontrolled
Unbalanced
TABLE I
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Fuzzy Controller
60 to 60.5 Hz
+ 80 deg.
Controlled
Balanced
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New Synchronizing Strategy to Control a Micro grid in Islanded Mode
IV.
CONCLUSION
This paper has introduced the new implemented synchronizing method. The proposed method after the
network delay of 500ms provides a precise measurement, and consequently enables the smooth synchronization
and soft connection between the synchronous generator and the electric power system. The reference frame
transformation-based synchronizing criteria measurement, together with the signal conditioner and the phaseangle difference estimation, has enabled the perfect match between the synchronous generator and the EPS. This
paper has presented the analytic comparative study. The validation of the proposed method was performed. And
the comparative results with the Fuzzy algorithm showed the definite difference.
V.
APPENDIX
The parameters in the experimental study are as follows.
Diesel generator 1
 Rating: 50 kW, 380/220 V, 3Φ 4 wire, 1800 r/min, 60 Hz.

F-controller: gain (Kpr = 004) integral (Tn = 2.0).

V-controller: gain (Kpr = 005) integral (Tn = 2.0).

P-controller: gain (Kpr = 002) integral (Tn = 8.0) Ramp (002%/s).
Diesel generator 2
 Rating: 20 kW, 380/220 V, 3Φ 4 wire, 1800 r/min, 60 Hz.

Exciter: brushless self-excited.

MOP: control range (+/-10%), speed (90 s/span).

AVR gains: Kp = 1.2, Ki = 3.4.
 Power controller: Kp = 0.4, Kd = 14, Droop = 1.0%.
Battery energy storage system
 Rating: 20 kW, Vdc link = 700 V, Battery = 450 V, 3Φ 4 wire.

Battery: lead-acid, 36 serial 2 parallel, 500 Ah 200 kWh.

F controller: Kp = 50, Ki = 30.

Power controller: Kp = 1.5, Ki = 150, Droop = 2.0%.
Photovoltaic system
 Rating: 10 kW, PV module = 48 Wp 48 ea.
 Dual-axis-type solar tracker, MPPT.
Wind turbine
 Rating: 10 kW, 3 blade, auto furling.

Wind speed: cut-in 3.3 m/s, nominal 13 m/s, max 40 m/s.

Generator type: PMSG.
Active synchronizing controller

Digital filter: sampling time 62 ms.

Low-pass filter: F cut off = 0.1 Hz.

Band-pass filter 1: Fcenter = 0.3162 Hz,
 Bandwidth = 9.99 Hz.

Band-pass filter 2: Fcenter = 3.1623 Hz,

F bandwidth = 99.9 Hz.
 Weight factors: w1 = 0.2, w2 = 1.0, w3 = 1.0.

Frequency PI controller gains: Kp = 2.0, Ki = 0.9.

Phase difference PI controller gains: Kp = 5.0, Ki = 0.9.
 Voltage difference PI controller gains: Kp = 3.0, Ki = 0.9.

ΔF Min: 0.055 Hz.
Synchronizing criteria.
 Estimated phase-difference angle <+/- 20
 Slip frequency < +/- 0.1 Hz.

Voltage difference <+/-3%.
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New Synchronizing Strategy to Control a Micro grid in Islanded Mode
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