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Revisiting What We Know… Reminders/Updates: Day 7: Review lecture HW3 in/ HW4 out Thurs: Exam 1, in class Bring pencil, calculator, 3x5” formula card Exam mechanics • • • • • • 1 hr long In class G125, 11am prompt! 1 3x5 handwritten formula card Pencil Calculator – (non-internet connectable device) Do not cheat. It’s the surest way to piss me off Topics: Electrostatic forces … will things attract, repel, and why. Circuits with wires, batteries or regular outlets, bulbs, heaters… -- think like an electron, how fast will you be able to flow and where will you lose your energy. Power, current, resistance, voltage drop. Conductors, insulators, and semiconductors … --what are the differences on a macroscopic scale? -- how is conductivity influenced by how electrons are found in bands Photocopiers, --how they work…, role of photoconductors and forces between electric charges. Power Distribution … --power loss in wires, why AC?, why HV and LV combo? --transformers: how do they work, how would you design transformer for power system to raise or lower voltages, currents creating magnetic fields and CHANGING magnetic fields creating currents. Review in reverse order today. Power / Transformers Energy Bands / Insulators, Conductors, Photoconductors. Electric circuits Transformer summary Primary coil (in) Secondary coil (out) 1) Oscillating current in primary creates oscillating B field 2) B field transfers power from primary to secondary. Iron core concentrates B field, improving coupling between primary and secondary no wasted power. 3) Oscillating B through secondary coil creates voltage which drives a current through bulb etc. Transformer rule assumes perfect coupling (real transformers pretty close) Vsec = Vprimary x (Nsec/Nprimary) Also Isec = Iprimary x (Nprimary/Nsec) (since P=IV is constant) step up transformer – increases voltage – decreases current step down transformer – decreases voltage – increases current 4 Magnetic fields • Magnetic field around a coil of wire – what does it look like? • Q: Where is field strongest in this diagram? C B A E D Transformer construction detail. The core. current in current out Q: What happens if current oscillates in primary but there is no core? a. The light bulb will not light because there is no conduction path for electrons to move from one coil to another. b. The light bulb will not light because there is no changing magnetic field present. c. The light bulb will be dimmer than with a core. d. The light bulb will be the same brightness as with core. e. The light bulb will be brighter than with core. NOTE: Not everything curly is a transformer; e.g. lightbulb filament is NOT. Transformer questions Which would make the best core for a transformer if strength did not matter? a.wood, b. copper, c. glass, d. iron wrapped in plastic insulator If I took a transformer used to convert 100 V up to 1000 V and I hooked the primary up to a 12 V car battery. If I then went to measure the voltage across the secondary coil, what would I find? a. 0 V, b. 12 V, c. 1200 V. d. 120 V, e. 1.2 V What is ratio of turns on primary to secondary? a. 10 pri. to 1 sec., b. 1 to 10, c. 100 to 1, d. 1000 to 1, e. 1 to 1000 Power distribution system power plant 500,000 V (on towers) substation 5000V 5000 V running around town. Why do we transmit power at different voltages in different parts of the system? (2 main reasons) 120 V short wires into houses Electric power generation Q: In general, how do we generate electrical power magnets N S Power plants: use steam or water to spin magnets past coils (or vice-versa) N I, V out S S N N S iron core spinning turbine 9 Different types of power plants • All power plants create electricity by moving a coil of wire relative to a magnetic field (spinning one or the other) • Use different energy sources to spin the turbine – hydroelectric, nuclear, coal, gas, wind, waves. This is the energy that is converted into electrical energy. • Some sources more environmentally friendly than others Generating electricity 2 3 4 5 6 N 8 N time N s s 7 s 1 time B Voltage = k (DB/Dt) N Q: Voltage out of coil is biggest at a) 1, b) 2, c) 4, d) 7 V time Electrical conduction in different materials Energy levels and electron occupation. Electron Energy 3 2 1 How many energy levels are in band 1? a. none, b. 1, c. between 1 and 10, d. an enormous number Electrical conduction in materials Energy levels and electron occupation. Electron Energy 3 2 1 True / False 1. the upper electrons in band 3 can easily move because there are very close energy levels they can move into. 2. the upper electrons in band 2 can easily move because there are very close energy levels they can move into. a) 1T 2T, b) 1F 2F, c) 1T 2F, d) 1F 2T What type of material is it? Band 2 Band 1 empty full Fill in the blank: This material is a ______________. When hooked to a battery, electrons in Band 1 will ______________. When hooked to a battery, electrons in Band 2 will ______________. a. conductor, move, move b. semi-conductor in the dark, not move, move. c. semi-conductor in the light, move, move. d. semi-conductor in the light, not move, move. e. insulator, not move, not move. Important circuit ideas 1. Current is conserved (electrons don’t disappear) 2. Change in V over circuit = V of battery, or energy source 3. V= I R (Ohm’s law) - useful for whole circuit (R total, Vtotal, give I total) - or individual component (e.g. Rbulb, Vbulb give I bulb), …….Be careful about what R, and V are. 4. P = I V = I (IR) = I2R = (V/R)V = V2/R power dissipated across object R 5. Resistors in series: Resistances add: Rtot = R1 + R2 Current through all resistors is the same 6. Resistors in parallel: Voltage drop across parallel legs of circuit is same 15 Series Circuits 1 120V 2 200ohm 100ohm What is the voltage drop across bulb 2? a. 120V, b. 0V c. 60V, d. 80V, e. 40V Parallel circuits I 120V 1 2 200ohm 100ohm What is I? a. 0.4A, b. 0.6A, c. 1.2 A, d. 1.8A, e. 120A Where does the power go? Hair Dryer, Lights, and Stereo plugged into same outlet house wires Hair Dryer Lightbulb 1 Stereo 10 A 0.5 A Lightbulb 2 2A What is the current through the house wires? a. 10 Amps b. 12.5 Amps c. 7.5 Amps d. more than 12.5 Amps. If the resistance of each light bulb is 100 Ohms, how much power is going into the two bulbs combined? a. 25 Watts, b. 50 Watts c. 100 Watts d. 200 Watts Parallel circuits and power loss 120 V Why does the light dim when the heater turns on? Mains electricity in different countries Different voltages, different plugs, 2 or 3 wires? Some countries (e.g. UK) have 240V mains rather than the 120V used in the US. 240V more dangerous than 120V - easier to fibrillate heart (but wastes less power in wires). Different plugs partly historical, but modern UK plugs harder to touch “live” pin than US. Probably designed that way because higher voltage more dangerous. 3rd wire- ground. Protection for case of appliance electric appliance Thin Thick Round Plug return ground \/\/\/\/\/ live -Live: ±170V -Return: ~0V -Ground: Always 0V