Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Multidimensional empirical mode decomposition wikipedia , lookup
Switched-mode power supply wikipedia , lookup
Pulse-width modulation wikipedia , lookup
Opto-isolator wikipedia , lookup
Buck converter wikipedia , lookup
Telecommunications engineering wikipedia , lookup
Analog-to-digital converter wikipedia , lookup
QNoC Research Technion – Israel Institute of Technology Group MICRO-MODEM RELIABILITY SOLUTION FOR NOC COMMUNICATIONS Arkadiy Morgenshtein, Evgeny Bolotin, Israel Cidon, Avinoam Kolodny, Ran Ginosar QNoC Research Group, Electrical Engineering Department Technion – Israel Institute of Technology Haifa, Israel Outline • Networks-on-Chip (NoC) • Communication Environment • Motivation • Micro-Modem Architecture • Components of Micro-Modem • Discussion 2 Micro-Modem – Reliability Solution for NoC Communications ICECS 2004 Networks-on-Chip (NoC) NoC characteristics • Packets-based data routing • Modules connected by routers network • Design modularity, various QoS levels Router Physical layer of NoC Module • Submicron technologies • Compact implementation • Reliability challenges 3 Micro-Modem – Reliability Solution for NoC Communications ICECS 2004 Signal Integrity & Parameter Uncertainty Coupling capacitances • QoS levels are physically adjacent • Various activity factors • Various frequency and packet sizes ! Device properties variations Router • Nanoscale CMOS • Threshold voltage variations • Supply voltage variations Aggressive Temperature variations Environment • • • • • 4 Module Activity and power variations in NoC Wire delays Noise IR losses Leakage Micro-Modem – Reliability Solution for NoC Communications ICECS 2004 Motivation Reliable data transportation • Techniques for noise immunity • Techniques for interference immunity • Error identification and correction Router Uniform Communication Interface • Simple • Compact • Low-power • Scalable • Reusable • Adaptive Module Modem! 5 Micro-Modem – Reliability Solution for NoC Communications ICECS 2004 Modem in OSI Model of NoC Router Modem Modem Presentation layer Modem Application layer Session layer Transport layer Modem Network layer Data link layer Physical layer Interconnect 6 Micro-Modem – Reliability Solution for NoC Communications ICECS 2004 Micro-Modem Architecture Router n µModem µModem µModem Router Input Buffer Error Correction Synchronization µ Modem ISI reduction m Parallel-to-Serial Converter µModem µModem Router µModem Modulation 7 Micro-Modem – Reliability Solution for NoC Communications Interconnect µ Modem Link Interface ICECS 2004 Components of Micro-Modem Router INPUT BUFFER n Input Buffer • Can be embedded in the Router • Stores the packet for further parallel processing • Requires high-performance compact memory cells Error Correction Synchronization ISI reduction m Parallel-to-Serial Converter Modulation Link Interface Interconnect 8 Micro-Modem – Reliability Solution for NoC Communications ICECS 2004 Components of Micro-Modem Router ERROR CORRECTION n Input Buffer • Implements error detection and correction • Can be also used for restoration of bits lost - low-swing effects in low-area circuit designs - voltage drop in resistive wires - low signal integrity due to ISI, cross-talk and noise • Has to be implemented using robust full-swing circuits Error Correction Synchronization ISI reduction m Parallel-to-Serial Converter Modulation Link Interface Interconnect 9 Micro-Modem – Reliability Solution for NoC Communications ICECS 2004 Components of Micro-Modem Router SYNCHRONIZATION n Input Buffer • Clock recovery using 8x10 encoding • Skew reduction between clock and data: - start/stop synch series for clock initiation - ack/req signals for GALS structures Error Correction Synchronization ISI reduction m Parallel-to-Serial Converter • Sequence numbers for packets ordering and detection of lost packets Modulation Link Interface Interconnect 10 Micro-Modem – Reliability Solution for NoC Communications ICECS 2004 Components of Micro-Modem Router n INTERFERENCE REDUCTION Input Buffer • Encoding / Processing for reduced crosstalk and ISI • Interleaving for reduced potential differences in wires with opposite signals Error Correction Synchronization ISI reduction m Parallel-to-Serial Converter A A A int Modulation A Link Interface Interconnect 11 Micro-Modem – Reliability Solution for NoC Communications ICECS 2004 Components of Micro-Modem Router PARALLEL-TO-SERIAL CONVERTER n Input Buffer • Core device in serial data transportation • Has to be ultra-high speed to compensate the loss of parallelism (scaling) Error Correction Synchronization ISI reduction m • Has to be compact and low-power • Has to be designed for various lane widths scenarios, or as a generic unit Parallel-to-Serial Converter Modulation Link Interface Interconnect 12 Micro-Modem – Reliability Solution for NoC Communications ICECS 2004 Components of Micro-Modem Router n MODULATION Input Buffer • Low voltage differential signaling (LVDS) - Low-swing signaling - High noise and ISI immunity Error Correction Synchronization ISI reduction • Multiplexing techniques m Parallel-to-Serial Converter Modulation Link Interface Interconnect 13 Micro-Modem – Reliability Solution for NoC Communications ICECS 2004 Components of Micro-Modem Router LINK INTERFACE n Input Buffer • Conditioning and buffering of the signal as it enters the wire Error Correction Synchronization • Swing restoration ISI reduction m • Cascaded buffers for interconnect Parallel-to-Serial Converter Modulation • Fan-out drivers Link Interface Interconnect 14 Micro-Modem – Reliability Solution for NoC Communications ICECS 2004 Application of Micro-Modem Application of Micro-Modem can be function of noise and inter-system distance Noise Level Mid-Points Point-to-Point la te n cy high low End-to-End short Mid-Points long Transport Range Possible µModem application types 15 Micro-Modem – Reliability Solution for NoC Communications ICECS 2004 Application of Micro-Modem Point-to-Point 16 Mid-Point End-to-End High noise Medium Low noise Parallel links . Serial links High Latency . Low Latency High Power . Low Power High Area . Low Area Micro-Modem – Reliability Solution for NoC Communications ICECS 2004 Preliminary Designs 32-bit Micro-Modem in 0.25 µm technology 210x90um µModem Transmitter for Router 17 Micro-Modem – Reliability Solution for NoC Communications ICECS 2004 Questions? Router n µModem µModem µModem Router Input Buffer Error Correction Synchronization µ Modem ISI reduction m Parallel-to-Serial Converter µModem µModem Router µModem Modulation 18 Micro-Modem – Reliability Solution for NoC Communications Interconnect µ Modem Link Interface ICECS 2004