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Proposals of research topics that may be conducted in Electrotechnical Institute Jan Sikora, Tomasz Grzywacz, Alicja Idziaszek-Gonzalez [email protected] Outline of the presentation • • • • • Electrical energy storage - applications and technology Fuel cells Renewable energy Electric vechicles Modelling and simulation Electrical energy storage Superconducting magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) SMES technology relies on storing energy of direct current in a magnetic field produced by a superconducting coil. Solenoid or toroid coils take advantage of the superconducting characteristics of low-temperature materials to produce intense magnetic fields to store energy. Main advantages of SMES: • Electrical power is available instantaneously, • No power dissipation, • No moving parts. Superconducting magnetic energy storage system supplies electricity in case of sudden drops in voltage from lightning strikes and other natural phenomena (Kameyama Manufacturing, Japan) Electrical energy storage Supercapacitors Energy Storage System (SCESS) Supercapacitors are the devices which can store significant amounts of energy and are able to release it quickly. The amount of energy stored is very large compared to a standard capacitor because of the enormous surface area created by the porous carbon electrodes and the small charge separation (10 angstroms) created by the dielectric separator. Main advantages of SCESS: • Virtually unlimited life cycle – can be recharged millions of time, • Low impedance – enhances load handling when put in parallel with a battery, • Rapid charging. Maxwell Technologies Ultracapacitors Fuel Cells There are five main fuel cell technologies classifying according to types of electrolyte. Currently, significant interests are focused on Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) made of ion conducting polymers and high temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) containing solid oxide ceramics as the electrolyte. PEMFCs are intended for mobile applications. SOFCs are first of all designed for environmentally friendly thermal power stations. The higher efficiency, longer time of operations and lower production costs for PEMFC and SOFC are main issues of research for Energy Sources Research Section in Electrotechnical Institute. The scientists are focused on the development of the new technologies for particular parts of fuel cells, inventions of the new electrolyte and electrode materials and implementations of fuel cell stacks in various stationary and mobile applications. Schematic of the hydrogen fuel cell (source: http://hotcellularphone.com) Renewable energy Renewable energy is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly. In its various forms, it derives directly from the sun, or from heat generated deep within the earth. Included in the definition is electricity and heat generated from solar, wind, ocean, hydropower, biomass, geothermal resources, and biofuels and hydrogen derived from renewable resources. Renewable energy replaces conventional fuels in distinct areas e.g.: power generation, hot water / space heating. The fundamental aims of our research are focused on power electronics for power control and conversion systems as well as designing requirements for small renewable energy systems. Another areas of interest involve sub-assemblies for renewable energy power stations, e.g.: induction generators and measurement systems. Picture taken from: www.greengop.org/tag/renewable-energy Electric Vehicles Electric vehicles can significantly reduce city pollution by their zero-emission drive. Typically, conventional gasoline engines effectively use only 15% of the fuel energy to move the vehicle or to power accessories while electric drive vehicles have on-board efficiency of around 80%. Electric drives are mechanically very simple and provide quiet and smooth operation and have less noise and vibration than internal combustion engines. The scope of our research involves: • electric drive systems especially in-wheel motors, • controllers for power distribution and steering, • charging systems, • municipal infrastructure for charging vehicles, • communication and networking for payment issues. Elcar Golf G-1 vehicle Modelling and Simulation The area of our interest in field of modeling and simulation covers: • optimal requirements design for small renewable energy systems, • modeling and simulation of power conversion systems, • design of dynamic models of renewable energy systems, • electical impedance tomography and optical tomography for imaging of industrial processes e.g. flow of multiphase substances, combustion, • estimation of energy consumption, • optimal deployment of e.g. wind turbines or tidal power stations for better use of wind and tide energy respectively, The logarithm of amplitude of photon density on layers between four regions of concentric sphere model (Diffuse Optical Tomography) Thank You for attention Jan Sikora, Tomasz Grzywacz, Alicja Idziaszek-Gonzalez [email protected]