* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Average EP Price to Customers
Survey
Document related concepts
Standby power wikipedia , lookup
Three-phase electric power wikipedia , lookup
Buck converter wikipedia , lookup
Wireless power transfer wikipedia , lookup
Power over Ethernet wikipedia , lookup
Audio power wikipedia , lookup
Electrical substation wikipedia , lookup
Electric power transmission wikipedia , lookup
Electric power system wikipedia , lookup
Electrification wikipedia , lookup
Amtrak's 25 Hz traction power system wikipedia , lookup
Voltage optimisation wikipedia , lookup
Power factor wikipedia , lookup
Alternating current wikipedia , lookup
Switched-mode power supply wikipedia , lookup
Power engineering wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Power Factor: What Is It and Estimating Its Cost Presented by: Marc Tye, P.E. 2004 APPA Business & Financial Conference September 21, 2004 What Is Power Factor Apparent Power (kVA) Reactive Power (kVAr) Real Power (kW) Power Factor can be either lagging (inductive) or leading (capacitive). 09142004-91100-297-2 Why Utilities Charge For Poor Power Factor? Low P.F. results in increased system variable costs to produce real power Losses Fuel Costs Low P.F. results in increased system fixed costs to transmit/distribute real power Generators Conductors Transformers Capacitors Reactive power must be produced or absorbed to maintain transmission voltages within acceptable 09142004-91100-297-3 limits. Santee Cooper Uses Various Methods to Charge for Reactive Power Generation and Transmission Customers Reactive cost is included in customers’ average embedded rates. Power factor penalty is charged to customers not maintaining a 90% P.F. Transmission Only Customers Reactive supply and voltage control is a required ancillary service. Charge based upon the amount of power the customer is wheeling across the transmission system. 09142004-91100-297-4 Santee Cooper’s Industrial Power Factor Requirement L-96 Excess Reactive Demand Charge: “The Customer’s Excess Reactive Demand for each Billing Month shall be the amount, if any, by which the Customer’s maximum 30-minute integrated reactive demand, in kilovars (kVAr), during such Billing Month exceeds 48.5% of the Customer’s Measured Demand, in kilowatts (kW), for such Billing Month.” Equivalent to a minimum of 90% power factor by the Customer Customer can correct to 90% power factor or company will charge for excess reactive demand 09142004-91100-297-5 Industrial Reactive Demand Charge Based on Average Cost of Capacitor Bank 1. Cost of 69kV, 12,000 kVAr Bank $255,678 Annual Costs: 2. 3. Debt Service O&M $ 49,257 4. 5. Subtotal CIFR $ 52,257 $ 4,855 6. Total $ 57,112 7. 8. Annual Cost per kVAr Monthly Cost per kVAr $ $ 4.76 0.40 (Line 6 / 12,000) (Line 7 / 12) 9. Adjusted for Inflation $ 0.43 (2 years @ 4%) 10. Adjusted for Losses $ 0.448 (3.65%) 11. Rounded $ 0.44 / kVAR - mo09142004-91100-297-6 $ (7.5% interest, 7 years) 3,000 (8.5%) Power Factor Example 13,892 kVA 7,000 kVAr 12,000 kW Cos = 12,000 = 86.4% 13,892 09142004-91100-297-7 Example of Excess Reactive Demand Charge 1. Measured Demand (kW) 12,000 2. Measured Reactive Demand (kVAr) 7,000 3. Power Factor 86.4% 4. Allowed Reactive Demand w/o Charge (kVAr) 5,820 5. Excess Reactive Demand (kVAr) 1,180 6. Excess Reactive Demand Charge $519.20 09142004-91100-297-8 Santee Cooper Open Access Transmission Tariff Reactive supply and voltage control from generation sources service is a required ancillary service. Ancillary service used to maintain transmission voltage Rate is based on allocated portion of the cost of exciter and generator for each unit that produces kVAr’s. Rate also includes allocated portion of the power consumed by the exciter. 09142004-91100-297-9 Reactive Power Cost Summary Generator / Exciter Costs 1. Generator and exciter fixed costs (VAr Related) $6,864,834 2. Production fixed charge rate 3. Generator and exciter costs charged to VArs $ 827,899 4. Fixed O&M charged to VArs $ 224,589 5. Total $1,052,488 Real Power Output Charged to Exciter 6. Exciter power consumption 12.06% $ 116,361 7. Exciter energy consumption $ 158,780 8. Total $ 275,141 9. Total reactive support cost $1,327,629 10. Single system coincident peak (kW) 11. Monthly point to point rate ($ / kW.mo) 3,037,000 $ 0.0364 09142004-91100-297-10 Example of Reactive Supply and Voltage Control Charge 1. Measured Point to Point Reservation (MW) 100 2. Monthly Reactive Supply and Voltage Control Charge (kW) $0.0364 3. Total Monthly Reactive Supply and Voltage Control Charge $3,640 09142004-91100-297-11