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x E R x x E R 1:a E R/a 2 Load voltage (V) maintained at 0.975 pu by varying tap ratio a Generator terminal voltage maintained at 1.025 pu Transmission line 0.01 + j0.05 j2.0 Load transformer j0.08 j0.145 E Generator transformer 0.01 + j0.05 V/a Reflected load admittance on primary side of transformer = (0.75 – j 0.375)*(a * a) 0.985 + S V amax 1 1 -----1+sT 0.001 s 0.01 -1 filter deadband 0.01 amin sign discretiser 2.75 1.025 + - S 100 s -2.75 Gen Terminal Voltage 1 -----1+s E a (tap) Equilibrium Large disturbance from Equilibrium (spring breaks!) PG0 wREF + S Controller + Actuator w Turbine Gate or Valve Position PG xe1 xg xe2 X xg R E1 d1 E2 d2 Pe1 PL1 PL2 P1, Q1 X V1 d1 P2, Q2 R V2 d2 Pe2 d Speed/Rotor Angle Generator Mechanical Power Turbine Valve / Gate position w Governor - + S + w_ref S KG + Pm0 (“Load Ref”) GENERATOR + TURBINE/ GOVERNOR Tie Line NETWORK (AREA 1) GENERATOR + TURBINE/ GOVERNOR ON AGC NETWORK (AREA 2) GENERATORS + TURBINES/ GOVERNORS NOT ON AGC GENERATORS + TURBINES/ GOVERNORS NOT ON AGC GENERATOR + TURBINE/ GOVERNOR ON AGC DPmo1 DPmo2 Speed deviation from nominal k1/s S - Speed deviation from nominal k2/s + + B1 DP12 Measured Power Flow on Tie Line B2 S + Main Generator DC AC Controlled Rectifier S R S S S R Main Generator R R N S AC generator Permanent Magnet Generator Diode Bridge (rotating) Control Signals From Regulator R: Rotating Member S: Stationary Member Field Winding Stabilizing / Limiting Signals + + S Vref Measured Terminal Voltage Controller To Thyristor Bridge Inverter Rectifier P, Q P, Q Idc DC side Va a Ia Va P>0 Q>0 0< a < 90 Ia a P<0 Q>0 90< a < 180 Va: phase a to neutral voltage Ia : phase a current flowing into the converter a: Delay Angle of Converter P: Power Drawn by Converter Q: Reactive power drawn by Converter V a=180 i V i T1 ON T2 ON V i i T2 a=90 a V Location 2 Location 1 Phase angular difference between the two can be determined independently if a common timing pulse is transmitted to the locations simultaneously (STATIC) DATA ACQUISITION (executes every 2-4 seconds) Remote Measurements Voltage/ Power “Raw” Measurements Status of Circuit Breakers STATIC STATE ESTIMATION (executes every 10s to 1 min) Present Network / Load/ Generation Configuration (Operating Condition) NORMAL STATE STATIC / DYNAMIC SECURITY ANALYSIS (executes every 1 – 10 mins) OR ALERT STATE SECURITY CONSTRAINED OPTIMAL POWER FLOW (Executes every 10 – 30 mins) REAL / REACTIVE POWER SCHEDULE CHANGES Different Entities in a Deregulated Environment Generator Companies (Gencos) Independent System Operator (ISO) Transmission Companies (Transcos) Distribution Companies (Discos) Retail Energy Service Companies (Rescos) Customers The Competition Competitive Generation Market Many sellers vying to sell to the customers Competition Transco Monopoly Franchise Disco Monopoly Franchise Monopoly Competitive Retail Power Market Many retailers vying to sell to the customers Competition Load Voltage (V) maintained at 0.975 pu by varying tap ratio ‘a’ Generator terminal voltage Maintained at 1.025 pu Transmission Line 0.01+j0.05 j2.0 E j0.145 Load transformer Generator Transformer 0.01+j0.05 j0.08 V a R Reflected load admittance on primary side of transformer = (0.75-0.375)*(a*a) ratio a maintained at 1.025 pu Transmission line 0.01 + j0.05 j2.0 Load transformer j0.08 j0.145 E Generator transformer 0.01 + j0.05 V/a Reflected load admittance on primary side of transformer = (0.75 – j 0.375)*(a * a) E R E, I SECURE NORMAL Load tracking, economic dispatch Reductions in reserve margins E, I E, I RESTORATIVE Resynchronization INSECURE ALERT Preventive Control Violation of inequality constraints IN EXTREMIS Cut losses, protect equipment E, I SYSTEM NOT INTACT E: Equality constraints, System splitting and / or load loss E, I EMERGENCY Heroic Action A - Secure SYSTEM INTACT I: Inequality constraints, -: Negation