Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES Two-pole,3-phase,wye-connected,salient-pole synchronous machine 1 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES In abc reference frame, voltage equations can be written as 2 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES flux linkage equations 3 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES flux linkage equations Referring all rotor variables to the stator windings 4 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES Referring all rotor variables to the stator windings 5 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES Referring all rotor variables to the stator windings 6 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES TORQUE EQUATION IN MACHINE VARIABLES 7 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES SWING EQUATION 8 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES Stator Voltage Equations in Arbitrary Reference-frame Variables The rotor voltage equations are expressed only in the rotor reference frame: 9 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES The flux linkage equations may be expressed as: The sinusoidal terms are constant, independent of and r only if = r 10 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES Therefore, the time-varying inductances are eliminated from the voltage equations only if the reference frame is fixed in the rotor. Voltage Equations In Rotor Reference-frame variables: park's Equations 11 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 12 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES Park's voltage equations are often written in expanded form: Flux linkages in expanded form: 13 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES The Equivalent q-axis Circuits: 14 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES The Equivalent d-axis Circuits: 15 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES The Equivalent 0-axis Circuits: 16 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES It is often convenient to express the voltage and flux linkage equations in terms of reactances rather than inductances: 17 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES Also, it is convenient to define: 18 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES If we select the currents as independent variables: 19 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES If we select the flux linkages per second as independent variables: 20 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES Torque Equations in Substitute Variables: 21 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES Rotor Angle : it is convenient to relate the position of the rotor of a synchronous machine to a voltage or to the rotor of another machine. The electrical angular displacement of the rotor relative to its terminal voltage is defined as the rotor angle, The rotor angle is the displacement of the rotor generally referenced to the maximum positive value of the fundamental component of the terminal voltage of phase a: 22 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES Rotor Angle : It is important to note that the rotor angle is often used as the argument in the transformation between the rotor and synchronously rotating reference frames The rotor angle is often used in relating torque and rotor speed (if e is constant): 23 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES PER UNIT SYSTEM Base voltage: the rms value ofthe rated phase voltage for the abc variables the peak value for the qd0 variables. Base power: When considering the machine separately, the power base is selected as its volt-ampere rating. When considering power systems, a system power base (system base) is selected Once the base quantities are established, the corresponding base current and base impedance may be calculated. Base torque is the base power divided by the synchronous speed of the rotor: 24 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES The torque expressed in per unit: 25 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES ANALYSIS OF STEADY-STATE OPERATION: For balanced conditions: the 0s quantities are zero. r is constant and equal to e the rotor windings do not experience a change of flux linkages the current is not flowing in the short-circuited damper windings the time rate of change of all flux linkages neglected 26 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES ANALYSIS OF STEADY-STATE OPERATION: For balanced conditions: 27 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES ANALYSIS OF STEADY-STATE OPERATION: Hence: and if it is noted that: Then: 28 ANALYSIS OF STEADY-STATE OPERATION It is convenient to define the last term on the right-hand side as (excitation voltage): if rs is neglected, the expression for the balanced steady-state electromagnetic torque in per unit can be written as: 29 DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE DURING A SUDDEN CHANGE IN INPUT TORQUE 30 DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE DURING A SUDDEN CHANGE IN INPUT TORQUE Dynamic performance of a hydro turbine generator during a step increase in input torque from zero to rated: 31 DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE DURING A SUDDEN CHANGE IN INPUT TORQUE Torque versus rotor angle characteristics 32 DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE DURING A SUDDEN CHANGE IN INPUT TORQUE 33 DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE DURING A SUDDEN CHANGE IN INPUT TORQUE Dynamic performance of a steam turbine generator during a step increase in input torque from zero to 50% rated. 34 DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE DURING A SUDDEN CHANGE IN INPUT TORQUE Torque versus rotor angle characteristics 35 DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE DURING A 3 PHASE FAULT AT THE MACHINE TERMINALS a hydro turbine generator 36 DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE DURING A 3 PHASE FAULT AT THE MACHINE TERMINALS Torque versus rotor angle characteristics: 37 DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE DURING A 3 PHASE FAULT AT THE MACHINE TERMINALS a steam turbine generator 38 DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE DURING A 3 PHASE FAULT AT THE MACHINE TERMINALS Torque versus rotor angle characteristics: 39 COMPUTER SIMULATION Simulation in Rotor Reference Frame Where: 40 COMPUTER SIMULATION Simulation in Rotor Reference Frame 41 COMPUTER SIMULATION Simulation of Saturation 42 COMPUTER SIMULATION Simulation of Saturation 43