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This is a photographic template – your photograph should fit precisely within this rectangle. Alternative DC Storage Examples Beyond the Lead Acid Battery © 2008 Eaton Corporation. All rights reserved. Power Quality Applications Typical UPS system block diagram Long-term AC alternate source Genset AC Automatic Transfer Switch Double Conversion UPS System ATS Rectifier Inverter AC/DC DC/AC Critical AC output 540 VDC 480 VAC Utility AC DC Energy Storage 2 2 Alternatives to Standard Storage 3 3 Alternatives to Standard Storage Generator Preferred method to provide long ridethrough (5-48 hours) Maintenance is required Noise and exhaust are concerns Be sure to size properly with UPS Vendor should have UPS interface experience 4 4 Alternatives to Standard Storage Batteries For now, batteries are the least expensive mid- term solution They can also be the weakest link Service life is always an issue Hazardous materials disposal is a challenge Frequent testing and constant monitoring is a requirement Size and weight are inconvenient in a datacenter 5 5 Flywheel DC Energy Storage • Can be deployed as the primary DC source or in parallel with traditional batteries in a Battery Hardening configuration. • It is different from typical chemical batteries in that frequent cycles do not reduce its life • Produces high power output for short durations (20 – 90 seconds) 6 6 UPS TOPOLOGIES 7 7 TV Broadcast 1 x 160KVA/144kW UPS 1 VDC XE flywheel No Batteries Selection Criteria Green initiative Improved reliability Do not like batteries Floor space / footprint 8 8 Decatur Memorial Hospital IL - IT Application 1 x 160KVA/144kW UPS 1 VDC XE flywheel No Batteries Selection Criteria • Green initiative • Improved reliability • Do not like batteries • Floor space / footprint 9 9 University of Florida Proton Therapy Institute - Gainesville 2 x 750KVA/675kW UPS 8 VDC XE flywheels No Batteries Selection Criteria Small footprint Reduced Maintenance Cost 10 10 Gundersen Lutheran Hospital - IT Application 1 x 550KVA/495kW UPS 2 +1 future VDC XE flywheels No Batteries Selection Criteria Small footprint Green / Sustainability Reliability Reduced Maintenance Cost Strives for 100% Renewable Energy The hospital, based in La Crosse, Wis., is halfway toward its 2009 goal, which amounts to $409,000 in annualized savings 11 11 University of Massachusetts Medical School - Data Center 2 x 825KVA / 750kW UPS 8 VDC XE VYCON Flywheels No Batteries Selection Criteria Small footprint Green / Sustainability Reduced Maintenance Cost Reliability 12 12 Delta Dental Insurance - Data Center Selection Criteria Floor space / footprint Redundancy Extend battery life Improved system reliability Ride through to Generator Battery Hardening 2 x 500kVA / 450kW UPS 4 VDC XE VYCON Flywheels Batteries Dual Bus 13 13 Bremerton Naval - Modular Solution for IT 825kVA / 750kW UPS 5 VDC XE Flywheels Outdoor Enclosure Selection Criteria Floor space / footprint HVAC requirement reduced Reduced maintenance Improved system reliability Ride through to Generator 14 14 The Principles of Kinetic Energy KE ~ m (rpm)² (for rotational motion) • Low Speed • More mass means more energy • Double mass = double energy • “Low-speed” 1800 to 8000RPM • High Speed • More energy by higher rpm • Double rpm = quadruple energy • “High-speed” 36000 to 55000RPM All Flywheels are operated well below their design limitations 15 15 Flywheel Technology Evolution • First Generation Design • Low speed (8,000 RPM) • High maintenance with down time required • Lengthy commissioning and start up procedure • Large flywheel mass (800 LBS) • High standby power losses • Bearings 16 16 Active Power FLYWHEEL 250kW Motor/Generator/Flywheel Field replaceable ball-bearing cartridge Magnetic bearing integrated into field circuit Field coil Flywheel, motorgenerator rotor Air-gap armature Smooth back-iron, no slots and low loss No permanent magnets enables high tip-speed and high output power 17 17 Flywheel Technology Evolution • Second Generation Design • Ultra high speed - 52,000RPM • Liquid cooled - circulation pump • Mid range power density • Small composite flywheel mass (60 Lbs) • No recovery from drop out event • Down time to service internal vacuum / filter • Bi Annual service with shut down year 1 18 18 Flywheel Technology Evolution • Third Generation Design – VYCON • High speed - 36000 RPM • Air cooled • Small steel alloy flywheel mass (120lbs) • Annual service requirement • 15 mins. • no down time • High power density • Full recovery from drop out event 19 19 High Speed, Steel Flywheel Module Permanent Magnet Motor-Generator Magnetic Levitation 20 20 VDC – Simplified One Line Flywheel Module IGBT Power Converter Soft Start To UPS Battery Input DC Monitoring Motor Generator Controls Power Conversion Module Controller Magnetic Levitation Controller Control Panel 21 21 Battery Hardening Battery “Whiplash” Prevented Float Voltage UPS DC Bus Voltage (dc) Grid Disturbance w/ flywheel Nearly 99% of all voltage sags and outages last less than 8 seconds Gen Coup de fouet = Whiplash 98% of disturbances < 10 sec. 0 10 20 Time (Seconds) • Flywheel provides voltage support eliminating battery whiplash • Increasing battery life, Improving UPS reliability & Reducing service 22 22 Battery Hardening 23 23 Alternatives to Standard Storage Supercapacitors, Turbines and Fuel Cells All these promising technologies offer continuous power But some can’t handle large step loads and many are rather inefficient Typically too expensive vs. batteries (for now!) Supercaps (some) utilize KOH electrolyte with same disadvantages as batteries Acidic hazards Disposal concerns Gassing on overcharge 24 24 Comparison with other storage devices(1) item Conventional Capacitor EDLC Battery (Lead-Acid) Battery (Li-ion) Energy density (Wh/kg) <0.1 0.2~10 10~40 40~80 Power density (W/kg) 10,000 ~100,000 100~5,000 50~130 100~300 Discharge rate ~0.1sec 0.1sec~1min 10min~10h 10min~10h Cycle Life >500,000 >500,000 200~2,000 ~10,000 Shelf Life 5~10year 10~15year 3~5year 5~10year Over discharge ○ ○ × × Environment ○ ○ × △ 25 25 Comparison with other storage devices(2) Conventional Capacitor Cup EDLC bucket Water in the cup can be applied at one time but volume is not sufficient enough for fire fighting Not applicable Best option for fire fighting Lead-Acid Battery drum Not applicable Sufficient amount of water in the drum but can not be applied at one time for fire fighting EDLC is best storage device for charge and discharge of large amount of electricity in a short period of time! 26 26 Dynamic Voltage Compensator (system) Back up Rated Output 10,000kVA Dip comp. time 1sec Rated Voltage 3φ 6,600V Operation Storage On-line method No interruption (Less than 2msec) EDLC Efficiency over 99% Load commercial power high speed switch Inverter EDLC Module 600S1-70C-11P 292×600×395H Sag compensation mode EDLC Panel Switch over System(W:28m-H:2.6m-D:2.3m) 27 27 Application for Electric railway (system) Regeneration & Peak cut CAPAPOST(W:4.1m-H:3.1m-D:5.0m) 28 EDLC Bank(600S1-70C×36P×8S) 28 Power System Stabilizer (system) Peak cut & Regeneration Load fluctuation Electric Power system Stabilize the sharp fluctuations by PSS ~ junction Power constant engine generator (assume) junction + SG Load SG EDLC DE DE Load to supply Battery engine engine storage generator generator Input EDLC Storage transformer AC/DC EDLC 自立範囲 AC6600V 、 100kVA 29 29 30 30