Download Pregnancy and Development

Prenatal Care and
Development
Prior to getting pregnant
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Take Prenatal vitamins
Eat Folic Acid
Stop smoking (if you smoke)
Stop drinking & drugs (most Rx too)
Be as healthy as you can be (sleeping,
eating, & relationships)
• Avoid cleaning out cat litter
• Avoid harsh cleaning chemicals
Get Pregnant
• Ovulation
– How many eggs? How often?
• One egg per month after menarche until menopause; average
300 eggs in a lifetime
• released at ovulation, lasts 3-4 days
• Ejaculation
– How many sperm? How often?
• 400,000,000 to 700,000,000 (million) with EACH ejaculation
whenever he ejaculates, from spermarche until death
• Sperm can live in vagina for up to 7 days and can live outside
the body for up to 72 hours!!!!!!!!!!!!!
• Conception
– Egg and sperm meet, egg fertilize, and you now have a
ZYGOTE! (and you are pregnant)
Fertilization & Implantation
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Sperm and egg usually join together in the fallopian
tube
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Fertilized egg begins to undergo millions of cell
divisions (called mitosis)
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Travels to and implants itself in lining of uterus
(endometrium)
Fertilization and
Implantation
Fallopian tube
Day 2
Day 3
Day 1
Day 4
4 cells
Morula
Day 7
Blastocyst
2 cells
Fertilization
Zygote
Day 0
Implantation of
blastocyst
Uterine wall
Ovary
Egg released
by ovary
Am I pregnant?
Conception shows no physical signs to a woman
Usually takes about 3-4 weeks to realize you are
pregnant
- Missed period and breast tenderness
- Nausea/vomiting and frequent urination
ONLY reliable source: Urine or Blood test by Doc
- changes in cervix and uterus observed
- detect Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
HcG
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HcG) is
secreted by the zygote and can be
detected 7 days after conception
HcG also increases estrogen and
progesterone to maintain uterine lining
and prevents additional eggs from being
released
3 developmental stages of
baby in utero
• 1. Zygote: (1st 2 weeks)
• fertilized egg during day of fertilization until day 4
• Day 4: Morula
• Day 5-14: Blastocyst
• 2. Embryo (weeks 3-8)
• Rapid growth with important changes
• 3. Fetus (week 9-40)
• Major organs present but still forming
From Zygote to Embryo
• 7-8 days, blastocyst attaches to endometrium
becomes an embryo!
• Next 5 weeks embryo grows rapidly 1000xs the
original egg and differentiate into 3 layers of cells:
• 1. ectoderm: will turn into brain, spine, and nerves and hair, skin,
nails
• 2. mesoderm: will turn into bones, muscles, blood vessels, heart,
and kidneys
• 3. endoderm: digestive system organs and lungs
So what does this have to do
with prenatal care?
• Good question!
• BRAIN is one of first organs to develop (day
18)
• So alcohol, drugs, chemicals, and certain
bacteria can cause:
– physical deformities
– Mental Retardation or Learning Disabilities
– Even miscarriage
• All before you even know you’re
pregnant!
Support Systems for Embryo
• 1st trimester, as zygote becomes embryo, the
support systems develop too.
• 1. Amnion:
• protective sac that surrounds embryo with
amniotic fluid, acts as shock absorber and
cushion
• 2. Placenta:
• forms along uterus and has rich network of blood
vessels to transfer O2 and nutrients from mom to
baby
• Serves as lungs, liver, kidneys, endocrine glands
and digestive system for embryo
Support Systems for Embryo
• 3. Umbilical cord: connects embryo to
placenta, ~20 inches long
• Embryo blood vessels connect to placenta from
umbilical cord and Mom blood vessels connect
to placenta
• NEVER do Mom’s blood and Baby’s blood mix!
• Why?
• Blood vessels come close enough for diffusion
to take place
• Diffuse nutrients, oxygen, and waste
Brief overview of
Characteristics of Pregnancy
• 1st Trimester (1st 12 weeks):
– Breasts get fuller and tender
– Blood vessels are more prominent and areola
darkens
– Nausea, constipation, backache, heartburn,
fatigue
– Mood changes/hormonal changes
– Brain and heart are present
– 3rd month most begin to “show” Fatigue
• Mostly because of intestinal bloating than baby
Brief overview of
Characteristics of Pregnancy
• 2nd trimester
– Bigger abdomen due to growth of fetus and uterus
– Appetite increases
• But caloric intake only needs to increase by 300-500
calories!
– Fluttery movements felt
– Possible leg cramps and back aches now
– Volume of blood increases as well as energy
– Increases in frequency of urination (why?)
Characteristics of Pregnancy
• 3rd trimester
– Most gain 25-40 lbs (healthy
= 15-35 lbs)
– Blood volume increases 3040% so Heart beats faster
– Leg cramps
– Swollen hands/feet and
stretch marks
– Nightmares and sleep
problems
– Non-painful and irregular
contractions
– Urine leaking and very
frequent urination
– Uterus stretches and pushes
up diaphragm, stomach,
small intestines, etc
– Difficulty breathing and
eating due to baby’s size
Pregnancy Nutrition needs
• Overall 300-500 calorie increase per day from:
• Extra protein
– For energy and development of placenta, amnion, blood and
baby’s brain
• Extra calcium
– Bones and teeth for both
• Extra Vitamin E
– Tissue growth and red blood cells
• Extra Iron
– Red blood cells and blood production for both
• Folic Acid
– Prevents neural tube defects like spina bifida
Pregnancy & Exercise
• Exercise is beneficial BEFORE, DURING & AFTER
pregnancy!
• Boosts energy, mood, reduces stress!
• 30 min or more EVERYDAY of low-impact and moderate
intensity exercise
– Walking, jogging, swimming, and Kegels to help heart, lungs,
circulation, and pelvic floor
• Few restrictions on activities with normal preg
– Use common sense: avoid risks of falling, sudden changes, and contact
sports
– Consult your doctor 1st
• Plenty of sleep (night) and rest (day) is vital
Your first Pregnancy/Prenatal
visit: usually around 8-10 weeks…the longest visit
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Full history and physical
Pap smear
Gonorrhea and Chlamydia cultures
Blood type screen
Rubella, syphilis, and Hepatitis B screen
HIV testing is offered
Urine culture
Nutrition counseling if needed
What are the 3 Stages of Labor
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1. First Stage: Dilation and Effacement of
the Cervix
2. Second Stage: Pushing and Birth
3. Third Stage: Delivery of the Placenta
Epidural
• Episiotomy:
– Surgical cutting of the perineum…Tissue that
connects the vaginal to the anal openings.
Operative Delivery
Cesarean Section
The Third Stage
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Time from fetal delivery to
placental delivery is
considered to be
prolonged if it is more
than 30 minutes.
Signs of placental
separation: cord
lengthening, bleeding,
globular shape of uterus
Life’s Greatest Miracle
• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/miracle/p
rogram_t.html