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Chapter 13
Is There Something in the Water?
Reproductive and
Developmental Biology
Fourth Edition
BIOLOGY
Science for Life | with Physiology
Colleen Belk • Virginia Borden Maier
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
PowerPoint Lecture prepared by
Jill Feinstein
Richland Community College
1 Principles of Animal Reproduction – Asexual
Reproduction
 In asexually reproducing organisms, one parent
produces offspring that are genetically identical to
the parent
 Binary fission – cells break away from parent to
form offspring (e.g., sponges)
 Budding – daughter cell remains attached to parent
and breaks away when mature
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1 Principles of Animal Reproduction – Sexual
Reproduction
 Sexual reproduction combines genomes and creates
variable offspring.
 Females  individuals that produce large gametes (sex
cells)
 Males = individuals that produce small gametes
 Organs that produce gametes are called gonads.
 Ovaries produce eggs in females and testes produce
sperm.
 Zygote results from the fusion of two gametes.
 Hermaphrodites have both male and female
reproductive systems.
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1 Principles of Animal Reproduction – Sexual
Reproduction
 Method of fertilization is variable.
 Internal fertilization – sperm deposited in or near
female reproductive tract. Mammals, birds, reptiles,
and sharks use internal fertilization.
 External fertilization – eggs laid, male deposits
sperm over eggs (usually in water). Most fish and
amphibians use external fertilization.
 Very susceptible to contaminants
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1 Principles of Animal Reproduction –
Environmental Contaminants and Sexual
Reproduction
 Developing frogs are extremely sensitive to
environmental chemicals.
 Research showed that some chemicals can act as
endocrine disruptors, interfering with normal gonad
development.
 Male amphibians have been feminized.
 These chemicals affect animals living in water.
 Are humans affected by drinking contaminated
water?
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2 Human Reproduction – Male Reproductive
Anatomy
 In addition to producing sperm, testes also produce
hormones.
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2 Human Reproduction – Female Reproductive
Anatomy
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2 Human Reproduction – Sexually Transmitted
Diseases
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2 Human Reproduction – Sexually Transmitted
Diseases
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2 Human Reproduction – Sexually Transmitted
Diseases
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2 Human Reproduction – Endocrine Disruptors
 DES is a chemical known to act as an endocrine
disruptor.
 Daughters of women who took DES have a higher
rate of infertility.
 Most common cause of male infertility is the inability
to produce healthy sperm.
 In developed countries, sperm counts are declining.
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2 Human Reproduction – Gametogenesis
 Gametogenesis is the production of gametes
 It involves the process of meiosis.
 Reduces number of chromosomes by ½
 Human body cells contain 46 chromosomes,
gamete contain 23
 Male and female gametes undergo further
development to become functional
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2 Human Reproduction – Spermatogenesis
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2 Human Reproduction – Oogenesis
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2 Human Reproduction – Male Infertility
 90% of male infertility related is to problems with
sperm formation or production.
 Low sperm counts
 Improperly shaped sperm
 Low motility
 Chemical exposure (e.g., pesticides) can decrease
sperm viability
 Male infertility increases with alcohol and drug use,
including cigarettes
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2 Human Reproduction – The Menstrual Cycle
 Menstrual cycle is the cyclic changes in the uterus in
response to hormones.
 Menstruation is the sloughing off of the endometrial
lining in response to no fertilized egg.
 Day one of the cycle involves the bleeding due to the
sloughing off of the endometrium.
 During day one the hypothalamus releases GnRH to
stimulate the release of FSH from the anterior pituitary
gland.
 FSH triggers the ovaries to start maturing a follicle and
to produce estrogen.
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2 Human Reproduction – The Menstrual Cycle
 Once the follicle is mature and ready for ovulation
the GnRH triggers the release of LH from the
anterior pituitary gland.
 The LH surge triggers ovulation.
 After the release of the egg, progesterone is
produced to finish rebuilding the endometrium and
get the uterus ready for implantation.
 If the egg is not fertilized then it does not implant,
and negative feedback by the progesterone
triggers day one again.
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2 Human Reproduction – The Menstrual Cycle
 Changes that occur in
the uterus are
dependent upon the
interaction between
uterus, brain, and
endometrium.
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2 Human Reproduction – The Menstrual Cycle
 The menstrual cycle is self-regulating through
feedback loops.
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2 Human Reproduction
 Birth control methods vary widely because of
interaction with endocrine system.
 Some are hormonally based; others rely on
prevention of fertilization through a variety of
means.
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2 Human Reproduction
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Table 21.2
2 Human Reproduction
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2 Human Reproduction
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2 Human Reproduction – Female Infertility
 One cause of female infertility is endometriosis, a
condition where tissues that line the uterus also
grow (and shed) in the ovaries and oviducts.
 Can cause damage and scarring to ovarian tissue
 Can disrupt ovulation
 Painful
 Scientists are trying to determine if it is related to
exposure to environmental chemicals.
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Animation: The Male Reproductive System
Click “Go to Animation” / Click “Play”
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Animation: The Female Reproductive System
Click “Go to Animation” / Click “Play”
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3 Human Development – Fertilization
 Development is the
series of events that
take place after
fertilization.
 About 300 million
sperm are ejaculated,
but only about 200
actually reach egg in
oviduct.
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3 Human Development – Endocrine Disruptors and
Fertilization
 Industrial solvents can mimic hormones and
interfere with sperm development and fertilization.
 Misshapen sperm cannot swim effectively and are
unable to fertilize egg.
 Males who are exposed to solvents, such as those
working as mechanics or dry cleaners, have a larger
number of abnormal sperm.
 The impact of hormone mimics on the developing
fetus is unknown.
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3 Human Development – Human Embryonic
Development
 Human zygote undergoes a series of cleavage to
produce an embryo.
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3 Human Development – Human Embryonic
Development
 The three tissue layers ultimately give rise to all body
structures.
 Ectoderm is the outer layer and gives rise to the skin,
nervous system, and sense organs.
 Mesoderm is the middle layer and gives rise to the bulk of the
body.
 Endoderm is the inner layer and gives rise to the digestive
and respiratory organs.
 Growth of a particular tissue or organ relies on chemical
stimulus.
 Development is very sensitive to disruption.
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3 Human Development – Development of Human
Reproductive Organs
 Until week 7 of development, male and female
reproductive organs are not differentiated.
 They require hormonal stimulus to become male or
female.
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3 Human Development – Development of Human
Reproductive Organs
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3 Human Development – Endocrine Disruptors and
Development of Reproductive Organs
 Endocrine disruptors have been thought to
increases the rate of cryptorchidism.
 Cryptorchidism occurs when the testes do not
descend into the scrotum.
 This decreases reproductive success due to the
increase temperature in the abdomen.
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3 Human Development – Pregnancy
 Pregnancy, or gestation, involves carrying a
developing baby inside the female reproductive
tract; in humans this takes about 38 weeks.
 Embryo implants in the wall of the uterus
 A placenta must develop to sustain pregnancy
 Maternal and fetal blood supplies are closely
intertwined in the placenta, allowing exchange of
nutrients and wastes
 Endocrine disrupter exposure during pregnancy
can lead to low birth weight and premature birth.
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3 Human Development – Childbirth
 The hormone oxytocin uses a positive feedback
loop to induce labor.
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3 Human Development - Stages of Labor
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4 Is the Water Safe to Drink?
 The idea of endocrine disruptors in the water
supply is disturbing, but do we need to be
concerned? What is being done about this issue?
 EPA requires monitoring of municipal water
supplies.
 It’s unclear what is a safe level of chemicals.
 Studies show the human body can be affected by
endocrine disruptors, but there is no evidence yet of
this happening from contaminated water.
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A yeast cell undergoes cell division to produce a
daughter cell that remains attached to the parent
until it achieves sufficient growth to break away.
What is this process called?

sexual reproduction

budding

self-fertilization

binary fission
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
A yeast cell undergoes cell division to produce a
daughter cell that remains attached to the parent
until it achieves sufficient growth to break away.
What is this process called?

sexual reproduction

budding

self-fertilization

binary fission
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Which of the following does not describe a zygote?

gamete

2n

diploid

fertilized egg
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Which of the following does not describe a zygote?

gamete

2n

diploid

fertilized egg
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What is the function of the prostate gland?

The many coiled tubes are the location of sperm
formation.

It secretes a thin, milky white fluid for the
sperm’s nutrition.

This sperm carrying duct propels the sperm from
the epididymis.

It is where androgens are produced.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
What is the function of the prostate gland?

The many coiled tubes are the location of sperm
formation.

It secretes a thin, milky white fluid for the
sperm’s nutrition.

This sperm carrying duct propels the sperm from
the epididymis.

It is where androgens are produced.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
One or more eggs mature and are released from
what structure(s)?

ovaries

corpus luteum

uterine or fallopian tubes

endometrium
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One or more eggs mature and are released from
what structure(s)?

ovaries

corpus luteum

uterine or fallopian tubes

endometrium
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How many chromosomes do human gametes
contain?

13 chromosomes

23 chromosomes

26 chromosomes

46 chromosomes
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
How many chromosomes do human gametes
contain?

13 chromosomes

23 chromosomes

26 chromosomes

46 chromosomes
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What is the cell called after the first meiotic
division in spermatogenesis?

spermatid

sertoli cell

primary spermatocyte

secondary spermatocyte
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What is the cell called after the first meiotic
division in spermatogenesis?

spermatid

sertoli cell

primary spermatocyte

secondary spermatocyte
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What layer of the gastrula gives rise to the skin,
nervous system, and sense organs?

ectoderm

mesoderm

endoderm

blastocyst
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What layer of the gastrula gives rise to the skin,
nervous system, and sense organs?

ectoderm

mesoderm

endoderm

blastocyst
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True or False: Wildlife can be affected by
endocrine disruptors found in aquatic
environments.

True

False
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True or False: Wildlife can be affected by
endocrine disruptors found in aquatic
environments.

True

False
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True or False: The human body cannot mistake a
synthetic compound for a naturally occurring
hormone.

True

False
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True or False: The human body cannot mistake a
synthetic compound for a naturally occurring
hormone.

True

False
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Which of the following is the stage of the embryo
when it reaches the uterus?

zygote

solid ball of cells

blastocyst

gastrula
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is the stage of the embryo
when it reaches the uterus?

zygote

solid ball of cells

blastocyst

gastrula
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This diagram illustrates why enlargement of the
prostate would interfere with the functioning of what
part of the male urogenital system?

testes

urethra

epididymus

vas deferens
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
This diagram illustrates why enlargement of the
prostate would interfere with the functioning of what
part of the male urogenital system?

testes

urethra

epididymus

vas deferens
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.