Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Chapter 3 Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn Baby Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Conception and Implantation Figure 3.1 (From Before We Are Born, 6th ed., by K.L. Moore & T.V.N. Persaud, p. 87. Copyright © 2003, reprinted with permission from Elsevier, Inc.) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Periods of Prenatal Development Period and Length Key Events Zygote (2 weeks) Fertilization Implantation Start of placenta Embryo (6 weeks) Groundwork laid for all body structures and internal organs Fetus (30 weeks) “Growth and finishing” phase Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Formation of the Zygote • The zygote begins when the ovum is penetrated by a sperm. Over the next 30 hours, it divides once, and then divides more rapidly over the next two weeks. • The cells on the inside of this ball will become the organism; the cells on the outside will become the placenta and supporting structures. • By the fourth day, 60 or 70 cells form a hollow, fluid-filled blastocyst. • Sometime between the 7th and 9th day, the blastocyst burrows into the uterine wall. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Period of the Zygote/Germinal Period • The first two weeks after fertilization • Includes formation of the zygote • The zygote splits to form a blastocyst, and then the hollow, fluid-filled blastula. • The blastula travels to the uterus and implants • Cell differentiation, producing the embryonic disc and supporting structures, begins by the end of the first week. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Period of the Embryo • End of the 2nd week until the end of the second month after fertilization; when fertilization is complete. • Outer cells of the blastula produce supporting structures; inner cells of the inner, embryonic disc differentiate into the embryo itself. • Three structures are produced: amniotic sac: a membrane filled with amniotic fluid, which helps cushion and protect the embryo; the placenta; mass of tissue attached to the uterine wall that acts as a filter; umbilical cord: connects placenta to the embryo, contains 2 fetal arteries and one fetal vein. • First 6 weeks: the embryo develops arms, legs, fingers, toes, a face, a beating heart, a brain, lungs, and all other major organs Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk The Embryo • After implantation, the embryo develops into three distinct layers: • Ectoderm: becomes the nervous system and skin • Mesoderm: becomes the muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, and other internal organs • Endoderm: becomes the digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, and glands • The ectoderm folds over to form the neural tube that will become the spinal cord and brain. • Arms and legs unfold, eyes become visible and lungs, digestive and excretory systems begin to form. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Period of the Fetus Third month: organs, muscles, and nervous system start to become organized and connected lungs begin to expand and contract Second trimester: many organs are well-developed by 20 weeks most of the brain’s neurons are in place Third trimester: age of viability: 22–26 weeks fetus takes on beginnings of personality Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Sensitive Periods in Prenatal Development Figure 3.2 (Adapted from Before We Are Born, 7th ed., by K.L. Moore & T.V.N. Persaud, p. 313. Copyright © 2008, reprinted with permission from Elsevier, Inc.) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Teratogens Harm done by teratogens is affected by: dose heredity age other negative influences © Phil McDonald/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Teratogenic Substances Drugs: prescription nonprescription illegal Tobacco Alcohol Radiation Environmental pollution Infectious disease © Minerva Studio/Fotolia Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Other Maternal Factors in Prenatal Development Nutrition Emotional stress Rh factor incompatibility Age Lack of prenatal health care © Dmitry Melnikov/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Importance of Prenatal Care Monitor general health: weight gain capacity of uterus and cervix to support fetus growth of the fetus Treat complications: © Poznyakov/Shutterstock diabetes Preeclampsia: Tomexmia – affects 510% of women Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Stages of Childbirth Dilation and effacement of the cervix Delivery of the baby Delivery of the placenta © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Stages of Labor Figure 3.4 Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk The Baby’s Adaptation to Labor and Delivery High levels of stress hormones © nattanan726/Shutterstock help baby withstand oxygen deprivation prepare baby to breathe arouse infant into alertness Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk The Apgar Scale Table 3.2 (Source: Apgar, 1953.) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Natural, or Prepared, Childbirth Classes Relaxation and breathing techniques Labor coach: friend, relative, or trained doula © KAMONRAT/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Birth Complications Anoxia (oxygen deprivation) Breech position © giorgiomtb/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Medical Interventions in Childbirth Fetal monitoring Labor and delivery medication analgesics anesthetics Cesarean delivery © ARZTSAMUI/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Preterm and Small-for-Date Infants Preterm Born several weeks or more before their due date Weight may be appropriate for length of pregnancy Small-for-Date May be either preterm or full-term Below expected weight for length of pregnancy Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Interventions for Preterm Infants Temperature-controlled isolette Special stimulation: gentle rocking visual or auditory stimulation touch, such as skin-to-skin kangaroo care © Damon Yancy/Shutterstock Parent training in infant caregiving Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Infant Mortality in Thirty Nations Figure 3.5 (Adapted from U.S. Census Bureau, 2012.) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Newborn Reflexes Rooting Sucking Moro Stepping © philipus/Fotalia Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Newborn Sense of Touch Sensitive to touch around mouth on palms and soles of feet Use touch to investigate their world Severe pain © Eleonora_os/Shutterstock overwhelms nervous system with stress hormones can be relieved with local anesthesia, sugar solution, or physical touch Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Newborn Senses of Taste and Smell Infants have a preference for sweet tastes at birth can readily learn to like new tastes have odor preferences at birth can locate odors and identify mother by smell from birth Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Newborn Sense of Hearing Newborns can hear a wide variety of sounds prefer complex sounds to pure tones can distinguish between a variety of sound patterns when only a few days old listen longer to human speech than to nonspeech sounds can detect the sounds of any human language Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk Newborn Sense of Vision Least developed sense at birth (20/600) Limited visual acuity Actively explore environment: scan for interesting sights track moving objects Not yet good at discriminating colors Adult-like color vision at 4mos © Saylakham/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.