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Leadership Theory, Application, Skill Development 1st Edition Robert N. Lussier and Christopher F. Achua . This presentation created by: MANAGEMENT TRAINING SPECIALISTS and adapted by Jeffrey M. Wachtel, Ph. D. 5320-D Camp Bowie Blvd / Fort Worth, Texas 76107 / 817 737-2893 e-mail: [email protected] Copyright © 2001 South-Western College Publishing Chapter 2 Leadership Traits and Ethics Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing 2-1 Chapter 2 Learning Objectives • • • • • Benefits of classifying traits. Big Five personality dimensions. Universality of leaders traits. Trait of dominance. Achievement Motivation Theory and Leader Profile. Hierarchic Role Motivation Theory and Managerial Motivation • Theory X, Theory Y, Pygmalion Effect. • Four leadership styles and attitude. • Stakeholder approach to ethics. Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing 2-2 The Original Study of Leadership Traits: The Great Man (Person) Approach • • • • 1940’s Sought to identify the traits of leaders. 33 Studies cite intelligence though extreme differences can be dysfunctional. Poor relationship on physical characteristics Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing 2-3 Personality and Traits • “Personality is a combination of traits that classifies an individuals behavior.” • The Big Five Model of Personality has five dimensions which include multiple traits. • How did you score on Self-Assessment Exercise 2-1? Do you agree with your score? Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing Surgency: Dominance, Extraversion The Big Five Personality Model Agreeableness: Friendly, Sociable Conscientiousness: Responsible, Hard Workers, Conformists Adjustment: Emotional Stability, Self-Control, High EQ Openness to Experience: Willing to Try New Things Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing Big Five Model of Personality Surgency: Sales People Agreeableness Conscientiousness: Accountants Adjustment Open to experience: HRD/Trainers Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing 2-4 1. Bullying style 2. Cold, aloof, arrogant 6 Major 3. Betrayed personal trust Reasons 4. Self-centered (Traits) for 5. Specific performance problems Executive Derailment 6. Overmanaged (Poor Human Relations Skills) Fig. 2-2 Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing 2-5 Locus of Control High energy Dominance Integrity 9 Traits of Effective Leaders Self-confident Stability Flexibility Sensitivity to others Intelligence & EQ Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing 2-6 Emotional Intelligence (EQ or EI) • Related to Big 5 Adjustment Dimension • Most jobs require “emotional labor” which is when we express organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions. Can you think of job and emotion match examples? • It is not always easy to control felt emotions so as to display organizationally appropriate emotions. • Those who are better at doing it than others are said to be high in Emotional I Q Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing Achievement Motivation Theory: Leader Motive Profile Theory • attempts to explain and predict behavior and performance based on one’s need for achievement, power, and affiliation. • How did you do on Self-Assessment Exercise 2-2? • How about Self-Assessment Exercises 2-3, and 2-4? Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing 2-7 Motives of Successful Managers in Hierarchic Organizations (Miner, 1964) • 1. A favorable attitude toward authority. • 2. A desire to compete. • 3. A desire to follow assertive behavior patterns. • 4. A desire to direct others and exercise power. • 5. A desire to stand out and be at the center of attention. • 6. A desire to carry out routine administrative tasks. Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing Which statement do you believe to be true about human nature? • People enjoy working and will do a good job without being closely supervised. • People do not like work and will not do a good job unless closely supervised. Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing Theory X................Theory Y (Autocratic) Control (Participative) Support Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing 2-8 Pygmalion Effect • Managers’ attitudes, expectations, and treatment of employees explain and predict behavior and performance.. If you treat people like they already are good, they will act that way for you. Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing 2-9 Self-Concept: “If you think you can you can, if you think you can’t, you can’t.” How to Change Your Attitudes to a More Positive Self-Concept: 11 Ideas. Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing 2-10 Leadership Styles Based on Attitudes Theory Y Attitudes Theory X Attitudes Positive •Gives and accepts positive feedback •Bossy •Pushy •Critical SelfConcept •Expects others to succeed •Impatient Negative •Afraid to make decisions •Pessimistic •Unassertive •Promotes hopelessness SelfConcept •Lets others do the job their way •Autocratic •Self-blaming Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing 2-11 Student’s Readiness for the Ethics and Business • Students enter without a vocabulary of ethics for economic relations because of the current amoral theory of business. • Students are genuinely unable to define ethics or morality • Usually their definitions are barriers to ethical thinking. – Shepard, Goldsby, & Gerde, 2004 Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing Minimum Definition of Morality/Ethics (Morality & Ethics Used Interchangeably) • Reason: Moral decision must be based on reasons acceptable to other rational persons. • Impartiality: Interests of all those affected by a moral decision are taken into account. Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing Some Basic Conceptual Distinctions • • • • Egoism Morality Altruism Whose Interest? Egoism Morality Altruism (Self-Interest)(Self-Interest (Selflessness) • & the Interests of Others) Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing Barriers to Moral Reasoning • Psychological Egoism: • Ethical Egoism: • Ethical Relativism: • Ethical Subjectivism: Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing Surveys have identified the following recurring themes. Do they happen in Thailand?: • Managers lying to employees – – – – – – – – – Office nepotism and favoritism Taking credit for other’s work Receiving/offering kickbacks Stealing from the company Firing an employee for whistle-blowing Padding expense accounts Divulging confidential information or trade secrets Terminating employment without sufficient notice Using company property/materials for personal use Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing Ethics in the Movies Case Study "Boiler Room" • • • • • • • • • • • 1. What do you think of the values expressed by the man in the 1st scene? Which value is the most important to him and what do you think of his level of value? 2. What do you think of Seth’s Casino? Is Seth deceiving himself by saying his business is an honest business? Which ethical principle is involved? 3. What do you Seth’s six-month’s-long lie to his family, about still being in school? 4. What did you think of your first scene of the trading room at JT Marlin? 5. What did you think about the recruiting process at JT Marlin (i.e., the interview)? Did any comments by the recruiter seemed unethical? 6. What do you think of Seth’s father’s comments during their meeting? Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing Stages Of Moral Development • • Kohlberg’s 3 levels of moral development: Level 1: Preconventional level (self-orientation) • Stage 1: Punishment • Stage 2: Reward seeking – Level 2: Conventional level (others orientation) • Stage 3: Good person • Stage 4: Law and order – Level 3: Postconventional level (universal, humankind orientation) • Stage 5: Social contact • Stage 6: Universal ethical principles Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing Golden Rule “Do unto others as you want them to do unto you.” or “Don’t do anything to anyone that you would not want them to do to you.” Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing 2-12 Some Standards or Tests For Making Ethical Choices • • • • • • Front Page: Decision in Headlines? Golden Rule: Do unto others.. Dignity & Liberty of Others: Preserved? Equal Treatment: Minorities Treatment? Personal Gain: Same Decision if none? Congruence: Consistent with Personal and Organizational Policies. Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing Some Standards or Tests For Making Ethical Choices II • Procedural Justice: Can how this decision was made stand up to scrutiny? • Cost Benefit: Does a benefit for some cause unacceptable harm to others? • Good Night’s Sleep: If other’s know of my decision will I be able to sleep? Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing Stakeholder’s Approach to Ethics • creates a win-win situation for relevant parties affected by the decision. Win-Win Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 1E, Lussier/Achua ©2001 South-Western College Publishing 2-13