Download Ethics, Values, and Attitudes

Chapter 7
Slide 7-1
Ethics, Values, and Attitudes
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. © 1999
Chapter Goals
Slide 7-2
 The goal of this chapter is to explore
how leadership leads to ethical
dilemmas where our ethics, values,
and attitudes are directly involved.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. © 1999
Ethics
Slide 7-3
 Ethics are principles of right conduct
or a system of moral values.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. © 1999
Values
Slide 7-4
 Values are “constructs representing
generalized behaviors or states of
affairs that are considered by the
individual to be important.” (Gordon,
1975, p.2)
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. © 1999
Developmental Stages
Slide 7-5
 Kohlberg theorized that people progress
through a series of developmental stages in
their moral reasoning:
The Preconventional Stage
The Conventional Stage
The Postconventional Stage
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. © 1999
Developmental Levels and Stages of
Moral Reasoning - Preconventional
level
Slide 7-6
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. © 1999
Developmental Levels and Stages of
Moral Reasoning - Conventional
level
Slide 7-7
Cont. Description of
Stages
Stage 3: “good”
behavior which is
approved by others;
“bad” behavior which
is disapproved by
others
Stage4: “good”
behavior conforms to
standards set by social
institutions;
transgressions lead to
feelings of guilt or
dishonor
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Examples of moral
reasoning in support
of stealing the drug
Examples of moral
reasoning against stealing
the drug
“If you don’t steal the
“Everyone would
drug you’ll never be able know you are a thief.”
to look anyone in the face
again.”
“If you have any sense of
honor, you’d do your duty
as a husband and steal the
drug.”
“If you stole the drug,
however desperate you
felt, you’d never be
able to look at yourself
in the mirror again.”
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. © 1999
Developmental Levels and Stages of
Moral Reasoning - Postconventional
level
Slide 7-8
Cont.
Description of Stages
Examples of moral
reasoning in support
of stealing the drug
Stage 5: “good” behavior
conforms to community
standards set through
democratic participation;
concern with maintaining
self-respect and respect of
equals
stage 6: “good behavior is
a matter of individual
conscience based on
responsibly chosen
commitments to ethical
principals
“If you don’t steal the
“We’ve all agreed to live by
drug you’d lose your own common rules, and any form of
respect and everyone
stealing breaks that bond.”
else’s too.”
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
“If you didn’t steal it, you
might have satisfied the
letter of the law, but you
wouldn’t have satisified
the standards of your
conscience.”
Examples of moral
reasoning against stealing
the drug
“Maybe others would have
approved of your behavior, but
stealing the drug would still have
violated you own conscience and
standards of honesty.”
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. © 1999
Values can affect leaders in
six different ways:
Slide 7-9
 values affect leaders’ perceptions of
situations and the problems at hand.
 values affect the solutions generated and
the decisions that are reached.
 values influence how leaders perceive
different individuals and groups.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. © 1999
Values can affect leaders in
six different ways:
Slide 7-10
Cont.
 values influence leaders’ perceptions of individual and
organizational successes as well as the manner in which
these successes are to be achieved.
 values provide a basis for leaders to differentiate between
right and wrong, and between ethical and unethical
behavior.
 values may affect the extent to which leaders accept or
reject organizational pressures and goals.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. © 1999
Attitudes
Slide 7-11
 Attitudes have three components:
the ideational component concerns what the
attitude is about.
the affective component concerns the feelings
one has about those ideas.
the behavioral component concerns how
people act in certain ways.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. © 1999
Seven Fundamental Dilemmas
that People of all Cultures Face
Slide 7-12
 Source of Identity: Individual-Collective
 Goals and Means of Achievement: ToughTender
 Orientation to Authority: Equal-Unequal
 Response to Ambiguity: Dynamic-Stable
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. © 1999
Seven Fundamental Dilemmas
that People of all Cultures Face
Slide 7-13
Cont.
 Means of Knowledge Acquisition: ActiveReflective
 Perspective on Time: Scarce-Plentiful
 Outlook on Life: Doing-Being
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. © 1999