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2012 GMU DEBATE INSTITTUE
Plato

 Justice
 People seeking office inevitably become corrupt and
compromise values
 Reformation of society— Top-level government reform—
experts, intelligence, and government officials.
 Emphasis of ethical theory/importance of philosophy in
connection with the government and politics. (Virtue is a
type of Knowledge)
 Ideal State: a government system based on genuine
knowledge of the Good—one who knows about Good will
never do anything evil. (Not necessarily democracy)
Plato

 The Republic
 Natural standards of goodness for a State and for an
individual citizen of a state.
 Citizens are essentially same as a state shows what a
just individual is and what the value of moral justices
is.
 Understanding the proper role of the state is crucial—
could make good/bad states.
 Because the similarities, it is easy to find justice.
 Applications: Courts topic—creation of term limits to
make good state.
Aristotle

 Democratic Theory
 State is a natural institutions—heiarchy—men/women
interactions/family/village/families
 More representation is the best democratic system—
majoritarian rights/opinions—Equality good.
 Paradox: a democratic constitutions but a nondemocratic regime. (Nazism)
Aristotle

 Justice
 Law abiding, virtuous action=> ideal democracy
 Equality: each person ought to receive equal respect
and possession of goods.
 Fairness—only accepting burdens that are deemed
responsible—justice society requires everyone to abide
by that.
 Rectificatory Justice—justice requires balance of goods
when one agent wrongfully takes what belongs to
another.
Aristotle

 Rectificatory Justice—justice requires balance of goods
when one agent wrongfully takes what belongs to
another.
 Rectification—returning the goods that were stolen
to achieve fair balance. (Punishment)
 All are considered equal
 Justice requires PUNISHMENT!
Hobbes

 Psychological Egoism—mechanical view of human
nature—application of Scientific Revolution—
everything is in motion. Every action could be
explained by universal law of motion.
 Emotions are just words to describe things—no
meaning to good or bad.
 Humans are self-interested—desire to better our
circumstances
 Humans are rational—efficient and maximum
Hobbes

 Political Obligation/Social Contract Theory
 Rational human beings submission to the state for
self-interest
 State of Nature is brutal—no one would cooperate
with one another—perpetual warfare and militarism.
 Social Contract—reasonable agreement that will afford
people life.
 Hegemony/International Relations/Realism Kritiks
Locke

 Different interpretation of State of Nature
 Argued for the right of citizens to revolt—very
influential on the democratic revolutions
 State of Nature—a perfect and complete liberty, free
from interference.
 People are considered equal—bases the Law of
Nature on morality
 Civil government key to manage conflicts.
 Importance of private property—protection drives.
Rousseau

 Two social contract theories
 Naturalized account of the social contract
 Normative—idealized form of social contract—trying
to alleviate problems with modern society.
 History of the State of Nature
 Solitary, uncomplicated life/pity/lack of conflicts
 Growth—comparison/contempt/envy
 Invention of “private property” constitutes fall of
humanity
Rousseau

 Private property—exacerbation of inequality—
development of class began—seeking governmental
protection.
 Naturalized social contract—only benefits few
individuals as only few people have more private
property.
 State of Nature=social and economic inequalities.
 Normative social contract—seeking to remedy the
social and moral problems.
Rousseau

 Social pact—collective existence—formation of
sovereign when free and equal people come together
and form a single body.
 Obligations/reciprocated duties—most direct form
of democracy
Rawls

 Neo-Kantian ethics—a reasoning from a universal
perspective—moral capacity to judge actions.
 Moral and political perspective is discovered through
impartiality
 “The Original Positions”=hypothtical situation where we
can discover justice.
 Denied of particular knowledge such as gender, race, and
other conditions.
 Rational humans/lack of knowledge—creates conditions
that don’t favorably influence one other universalism.
Rawls

 Two Principles of Justice
 Determination of civil liberties and goods
 Much basic liberty/distributed equally.
 Access to economic justice.
 First principles must be satisfied first.
Marx

 Capitalist Theory
 Alienation of labor
 Economic inequality—exploitation
 Historical struggle as basis for social change
 Economics Theory
 Commodity: defined as a useful external object that
can be exchanged in the markets
 Use-value/Exchange-value
 Exchange-value is determined by the social labor.
Marx

 Capitalism is unique because it generates PROFITS
 Necessary labor—4 hrs to produce=valuable laor.