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Technology in Action Alan Evans • Kendall Martin Mary Anne Poatsy Tenth Edition Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 1 Technology in Action Technology in Focus: Information Technology Ethics Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 2 Chapter Topics • What Is Ethics? • Personal Ethics • Personal Ethics and Your Work Life • Technology and Ethics: How One Affects the Other • Using Computers to Support Ethical Conduct Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 3 Key Issues Related to Technology and Ethics • Intellectual property rights • Privacy • E-commerce • Free speech • Computer abuse Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 4 What Is Ethics? • Study general nature of morals and moral choices • Morals: Conforming to established ideas of right and wrong • Difference between fairness and equity • Principles are guidelines used to make decisions Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 5 What is Ethics? Doesn't Everyone Have the Same Ethical Values? Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 6 What is Ethics? Doesn't Everyone Have the Same Ethical Values? (cont.) • Relativism – No universal moral truth – Dictated by cultural tastes and customs • Divine Command Theory – All-knowing God sets standards – Conforming to God’s law is good; breaking it is wrong Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 7 What is Ethics? Doesn't Everyone Have the Same Ethical Values? (cont.) • Utilitarianism – Actions judged by consequences – Greater happiness is better – Individual happiness is not as important • Virtue Ethics – Morals are internal – Strives to behave well spontaneously Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 8 What is Ethics? Doesn't Everyone Have the Same Ethical Values? (cont.) • Deontology (duty-based) – Adherence to moral duties and rights – Applies to everyone equally Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 9 What is Ethics? Doesn't Everyone have the Same Basic Ethics? • Laws are formal, written standards – Designed to apply to everyone – Enforced by government agencies – Interpreted by the courts • Impossible to pass enough laws • Ethics is needed to provide a general set of unwritten guidelines Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 10 What is Ethics? Is Unethical Behavior the Same as Illegal Behavior? • Unethical Behavior – Unethical behavior isn’t necessarily illegal – Not all illegal behavior is unethical – Not conforming to approved standards • Amoral Behavior – No sense of right or wrong – No interest in moral consequences Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 11 What is Ethics? Which System of Ethics Works Best? • No universal agreement • Most societies use a blend • Ethical decision are greatly influenced by personal ethics Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 12 Personal Ethics What are Personal Ethics? • Set of formal or informal principles – Some are clear, welldefined – Others are inconsistent or applied differently – Can be challenging to adhere to consistently Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 13 Personal Ethics How do a Person's Ethics Develop? • How do ethics develop? – Family – Cultural bias – Religious affiliation – Life experiences Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 14 Personal Ethics What if I'm Not Sure What My Personal Ethics Are? • Describe yourself • List key principles you believe • Identify external influences • Consider “why” • Prepare a statement of values Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 15 Personal Ethics What are the Benefits to Ethical Living? • Society has established rules of conduct – Ignoring or being inconsistent can have immediate impact • Health benefits to ethical living – Day-to-day decisions conflict with principles – Stress and anger often develop Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 16 Personal Ethics What are the Benefits to Ethical Living? (cont.) • Positive psychology – Dr. Martin Seligman – Causes of happiness instead of treating dysfunctions – Identify personal strengths and values – Align your life – Can impact your health and happiness Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 17 Personal Ethics and Your Work Life How do Employers Affect Personal Ethics? • Do your ethics change when you go to work? – Employers expect you to follow ethics and rules of conduct – Do not blindly follow unethical practices Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 18 Personal Ethics and Your Work Life If You Spot Unethical Behavior at Your Company, What Do You Do? • Whistle-blowers expose unethical (but still legal) acts – Do not blindly follow unethical practices – Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 • Requires that companies provide mechanisms for employees to report complaints • This is to be done anonymously – Often now done online Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 19 Personal Ethics and Your Work Life How does making ethical choices in a business setting differ from making personal ethical choices? • Most personal ethical decisions involve few people • Ethical choices in business must give consideration to stakeholders • Stakeholders are people or entities affected by the operations of a business – Customers, suppliers, employees, investors, financial lenders, and society Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 20 Technology and Ethics: How One Affects the Other • Technology moves faster than rules can be formulated • Use of technology is often left up to the individual • Ethical considerations are never clear-cut • Reasonable people can have different views Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 21 Ethics and Technology Issues Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 22 Ethics and Technology Issues (cont.) • Social justice (brain technology) • Intellectual property (international piracy) • Privacy (personal privacy and technology) • E-commerce (geolocation) • Electronic communication (free speech) • Computer abuse (cyberbullying) Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 23 Social Justice Brain Technology: Creating Cyborgs? • A cyborg contains both biological an artificial components • Does deployment of technology blur the lines between human and machine? – Brain-computer interfaces – Neurostimulation – Neural stem cells Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 24 Intellectual Property International Pirates • Do entire countries support software piracy? – Intellectual property is protected by copyright law – Challenges in enforcing these standards in other countries – How should the trade partners respond? Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 25 Privacy Can Employers Peer Into Your Personal Life? • Can employers review your personal profiles on social media sites? – Privacy is a basic human right – Privacy is the right to be left alone to do as one pleases – Privacy means not being required to explain your behavior to others – Social media sites are about sharing information Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 26 E-Commerce Geolocation: Who Knows Where You Are? • Do geolocation devices and applications threaten privacy? – Foursquare, Gowalla, Brightkite, and Loopt use geolocation services – Businesses use geolocation to promote products and offer rewards Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 27 Electronic Communication Does Free Speech Have a Price? • When does big business limit free speech? – Restricting search results for sensitive information – Business profits over basic human rights – Company must operate within the rules of the market in which it operates Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 28 Computer Abuse Cyberbullying: Who Should Protect Children From Each Other? • Whose responsibility is it to monitor cyberbullying? – Involves use of digital technologies – Many types of cyberbullying – Might result in criminal charges – Effects can be devastating – Often evidenced by signs – Vigilance is key Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 29 Using Computers to Support Ethical Conduct • Can use technology to support ethical conduct • Charitable organizations use the Internet for fundraising • Web is a tool for organizing aid to areas in crisis • Web sites and Facebook can locate friends and family members after a disaster Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 30 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall