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How Bioethical Standpoints Influence Biomedical Decisions Robert Arp, Ph.D. Ontology Research Group (ORG) www.org.buffalo.edu National Center for Biomedical Ontology (NCBO) www.bioontology.org This work was funded by the National Institutes of Health through the NIH Roadmap for Biomedical Research, Grant 1 U 54 HG004028. Information on the National Centers for Biomedical Computing can be found at: http://nihroadmap.nih.gov/bioinformatics. See: Biomedical Ethics Ontology http://libweb.lib.buffalo.edu/dokuwiki/hsl wiki/doku.php?id=bioethics_ontology Contributors: Peter Winkelstein David Koepsell Andrea Ott Robert Arp (There will be a lot of categorization of Biomedical Ethicsrelated entities and principles in this talk, derived from thinking about a Biomedical Ethics Ontology) ETHICS DESCRIPTIVE ETHICS PHILOSOPHICAL ETHICS METAETHICS NORMATIVE ETHICS/ MORAL THEORY PRACTICAL/ APPLIED ETHICS In this talk, I will primarily be doing: DESCRIPTIVE ETHICS DESCRIPTIVE ETHICS ABOUT ETHICS DESCRIPTIVE ETHICS PHILOSOPHICAL ETHICS METAETHICS NORMATIVE ETHICS/ MORAL THEORY PRACTICAL/ APPLIED ETHICS ETHICS DESCRIPTIVE ETHICS PHILOSOPHICAL ETHICS METAETHICS NORMATIVE ETHICS/ MORAL THEORY PRACTICAL/ APPLIED ETHICS ETHICS DESCRIPTIVE ETHICS PHILOSOPHICAL ETHICS METAETHICS NORMATIVE ETHICS/ MORAL THEORY BIOETHICAL STANDPOINT PRACTICAL/ APPLIED ETHICS BIOMEDICAL DECISION APPLIED ETHICS GROUNDED IN NORMATIVE ETHICS GROUNDED IN METAETHICS METAETHICS Nature of Moral Knowledge Metaphysical Proper or Grounds for Ontological Justifying Status of Moral Claims Moral Norms and Entities NORMATIVE ETHICS What Development What Should Constitutes of Various I Do? Who Ethical/Moral the Should I Be? Theories “Good Life?” APPLIED ETHICS Realm of Professions, Institutions and Public Policy Generates Practical Moral Answers Applies Ethical/Moral Theories to Practice APPLIED ETHICS GROUNDED IN NORMATIVE ETHICS GROUNDED IN METAETHICS Applied Ethics: Business Ethics, Legal Ethics, Cyberethics, Bioethics, Medical Ethics… Biomedical Ethics GROUNDED IN Various Moral Theories: Religious Ethics, Natural Law Ethics, Egoism, Relativism, Utilitarianism, KantianBased Deontology, Virtue Ethics GROUNDED IN Metaphysical Status of Moral Norms/Entities: What one believes exists “out there” in reality—god, nature, minds, matter and motion, nothing—that is the source of morality. I decided not to do X… I made the practical decision to do Y… Why? BECAUSE Priest says so… It’s unnatural… It’s cowardly… It’s not in our best interest… It’s unjust… Why? BECAUSE God exists… Nature is supreme… Humans with reason are central in the universe… The biosphere is sacred… There is nothing outside of this bleak existence… What we do GROUNDED IN Some set of principles (implicit or explicit) GROUNDED IN Our metaphysical/ontological outlook (s) Another Way to Visualize This (Top-Down)… What we do GROUNDED IN Some set of principles GROUNDED IN Our metaphysical or ontological outlook What’s your evidence for this, Rob? - Psychological, Anthropological, Sociological, Religious, and Ethics journals and books - Testimonies resulting from more than 15 years of teaching adults and young adults general ethics, business ethics, biomedical ethics, world religions, and Catholic morality courses - 9 years of ministry in the Catholic seminary (high school, college, and grad school) at hospitals, nursing homes, half-way houses, homes for the mentally disabled, and other ministerial experiences - Years of in-depth conversations with people “getting to the bottom” as to why they act or do not act SCHOLARLY WORKS See, for example: - J. Fieser (Ed.), Metaethics, Normative Ethics, and Applied Ethics (Wadsworth, 1999). - A. Miller, An Introduction to Contemporary Metaethics (Cambridge, 2003). - C. Korsgaard, The Sources of Normativity (Cambridge, 1996). - M. Smith, The Moral Problem (Blackwell, 1994). - R. Shafer-Landau (Ed.), Oxford Studies in Metaethics: Volume I (Oxford, 2006). - T. Horgan & M. Timmons (Eds.), Metaethics after Moore (Oxford, 2006). - J. Jacobs, Dimensions of Moral Theory: An Introduction to Metaethics and Moral Psychology (Blackwell, 2002). - The Journal of Ethics - Ethics and Behavior - Bioethics - Sociology - Cultural Studies - Ethics - Journal of Clinical Ethics - Journal of Religious Ethics - Journal of Sociology - Journal of Cultural Studies What we do GROUNDED IN Some set of principles (implicit or explicit) GROUNDED IN Our metaphysical/ontological outlook (s) Our metaphysical/ontological outlook (s) Metaphysical Status of Moral Norms/Entities: What one believes exists “out there” in reality—god, nature, minds, matter and motion, nothing—that is the source of morality. God exists… Nature is supreme… Humans with reason are central in the universe… The biosphere is sacred… There is nothing outside of this bleak existence…