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idopsis thaliana Ibuprofen iences and Chemistry Later Stage Growth Results Conclusion •Ibuprofen has a negative effect on germination, inhibits root growth, and delays the emergence of plant organs. Leaf Emergence with Caffeine 14 Number of Leaves 12 10 water 8 caffeine 6 4 2 0 1 4 Figure 8 8 10 12 14 16 18 Number of Days •Caffeine has no effect on the germination or time of emergence of plant organs, but inhibits root growth at high concentrations when plants are grown in nutrient agar media. However, it may marginally promote organ emergence when plants are grown in a soil mix. Figure 8: Timing of emergence of leaves in water- and caffeine-treated Arabidopsis. For both groups n=4 plants. Plants in each group emerged organs at the same time (SD=0). Preliminary results suggest 1,000 ppm caffeine marginally promotes leaf emergence. Experiments in Progress •Effect of caffeine and ibuprofen on seed yield •Effect of direct application of caffeine and ibuprofen on plant organs. Preliminary result suggests there is no significant effect. Fun Facts Caffeine • Caffeine is naturally produced by over 60 types of plants. • The estimated daily average caffeine consumption of an adult consumer in the United States is 280 mg. •Caffeine is the most widely used behaviorally active drug in the world. Significance Current data suggest: •Levels of ibuprofen and caffeine found in surface water is not high enough to negatively impact plant growth. •Concentrations of ibuprofen and caffeine in biosolids may be high enough to be toxic. •Possibility exists for synergistic effects when ibuprofen and caffeine are applied simultaneously. These result can serve as a starting point for investigating the effects of PPCPs on land plants. •Caffeine addiction, the bodies dependence on caffeine, can start in as little as 3 days. Reference: http://www.overcaffeinated.org/caffeine-facts.php Ibuprofen • Ibuprofen is the third most consumed drug in the world, with an estimated annual production of several kilotons. •Approximately 9% of the ibuprofen consumed is excreted unchanged within 24 hours. •Environmental concentrations of ibuprofen have been found to range from low part-per-trillion to low part-per-billion levels. References: http://ww.medsafe.govt and Murdoch ,R. W., and Anthony, G. H. 2005. Formation of Catechols via Removal of Acid Side Chains from Ibuprofen and Related Aromatic Acids. Appl Environ Microbiol. 71: 6121–6125 Future Direction •Confirm effects and effective concentrations of ibuprofen and caffeine on A. thaliana. • Test effects of: -Metabolites of PPCPs. - Combination of PPCPs. - Another highly consumed drug, aspirin.