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Primary Producers Plants and Plant-like Organisms Prokaryotes • The simplest, most primitive forms of life • No nucleus • No membrane bound organelles Primary Producers Bacteria Protozoans Protist Flowering Plants Multicellular Algae Fungi Bacteria • Prokaryotic and microscopic • Single cell –usually rod shaped w/cell wall and plasma membrane • Lacks microscopically visible organelles • Smallest living creatures on earth Heterotrophic Bacteria • Heterotrophs – gather energy from other creatures • Decomposers –break down waste and dead organic matter • Found all over the ocean • Especially abundant in bottom sediment Autotrophic Bacteria • Make their own organic compounds • Some are photosynthetic – derive energy from sunlight. • Some are chemosynthetic – derive energy from releasing energy stored in chemical compounds. • Found all over Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae) • Photosynthetic bacteria • Contain chlorophyll and phytcocyanin • Photosynthesis takes place on membranes within the cell • Usually microscopic but visible in chains • Some species form red tides Protista • Unicellular algae which is eukaryotic • Plant-like and animallike • Cells have membranes, organelles and chloroplasts (photosynthetic) • Lack flowers, true leaves stems and roots Diatoms - Protista • Unicellular, may form chains • Unique “glassy” cell wall • Carotenoid pigments • Live in temperate and polar regions • Planktonic - Slowly glide on surfaces • Reproduce asexually • If conditions are right, blooms may occur Dinoflagellates - Protista • Unicellular and planktonic • 2 Flagella • Most have stiff cell wall,have chlorophyll and can ingest food • Found in warm and (2nd most popular)cold climates • Reproduce asexually • Some can produce light (bioluminescence) Protozoans • Eukaryotic, unicellular • Animal like – ingest food • Some do photosynthesize • Single cell • Inhabit water everywhere Foraminiferans - Protozoans • Also called forams • Single cell • Have a shell made of CaCO3 • Bottom dwellers, either free or attached • Foraminiferan Ooze Dead or detached shells covering the ocean bottom Radiolarians • Planktonic • Secrete shells made of glass • Spherical shape • Inhabit ocean ocean • Radiolorian ooze Protozoans Ciliates - Protozoans • Have hair like cilia which is used to move and feed • Found in sea and fresh water • May live on or in other water organisms. Fungi • Eukaryotic • Plant-like, but unable to perform photosynthesis • Most are multicellular • Many are decomposers • Some are parasites Multicellular Algae: The Seaweeds • Eukaryotic • Complex structures compared to unicellular algae • Can grow tall and rise off the bottom Structure of Seaweeds Pneumatocyst The complete body is known as the thallus. Stipe Holdfast Green Algae – Multicellular algae • Mostly found in freshwater, some marine • Mostly unicellular • Typically bright green Brown Algae – Multicellular Algae • Olive green to dark brown color • Mostly marine • Most complex and largest seaweeds • Kelp forests Giant Kelp • Grow in cool, nutrient rich waters • Form of brown algae • Can grow to be 100 feet in length • Harvested to make chemical to help manufacture medicines, plastics, beauty aids, paper, clothing, and processed foods Red Algae – Multicellular Algae • More species than green and brown combined • They have red pigments called phycobilins which mask chlorophyll • Most species are red • Mostly marine but, some live in fresh water • Significant commercial importance to humans • Coraline algae – deposite CaCO3 Flowering Plants • Angiosperms – Have true leaves, stems and roots – Specialized tissue to transport water nutrients and food – Mangroves and seagrasses – Usually only roots covered by water at high tide. Mangroves • Found in tropical and subtropical areas • Tolerate a wide range of salinity • Protect the area from storm surges, erosion, and tsunamis • Wide variety of types of mangroves exist
