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FORESTRY Study Guide Presentation By Mrs. Kraushaar March 2008 TREES Identify 7 common PA trees Characteristic to know Leaves Fruit Bark Twigs General Info: Ecological & Economical Importance WHAT TREE??? SUGAR MAPLE SUGAR MAPLE Leaves: Opposite, simple, 5-lobed with a few large teeth Twigs: Reddish brown to light brown. Buds brown and sharp-pointed. Fruit: Horseshoe-shaped with wings almost parallel, maturing in autumn, sometimes persisting into winter. Bark: Gray-brown, smooth on young trunks, older trunks fissured with long, irregular flakes. SUGAR MAPLE Also called rock maple for its hard wood Important timber tree is found on moist wooded slopes throughout PA, reaching heights of 60’-80’ The wood is used for furniture, musical instruments and flooring, and the sap is collected for maple syrup production. Birds and rodents eat the seeds. Deer, squirrels, porcupine and other mammals browse the twigs, buds, and bark. Very Shade Tolerant WHAT TREE??? WHITE ASH Leaves: Opposite; compound; about 10” long; with five to nine leaflets, each 3” to 5” long, short stalked, silvery beneath Twigs: Stout, usually smooth, gray-brown with a few pale lenticels and a white, waxy coating which is easily rubbed off (called a bloom.) Buds rusty to dark brown, blunt with adjoining leaf scars half-circular and notched at the top. WHITE ASH Fruit: A winged seed, called a samara, usually 1” – 2” long and ¼” wide, shaped like a canoe paddle with a rounded tip and hanging in clusters Bark: Gray-brown, evenly furrowed into diamond shaped areas separated by narrow interlacing ridges, slightly scaly on very old trees. WHITE ASH General: A large tree, often up to 80’ or more; a long-straight trunk commonly found on rich soils. Used for baseball bats, handles, agricultural tools, and furniture. The juice from the leaf has been reported to relieve mosquito bite itching. Fall foliage ranges from brilliant yellow to dark maroon. WHAT TREE??? EASTERN HEMLOCK Leaves: Evergreen needles occur singly, appearing two ranked on twigs, flattened, about ½” long, dark green and glossy above, light green with two-white lines below Twigs: Slender, tough, yellowish-brown to grayish brown. Buds egg-shaped, 1/16” long, reddish-brown. Fruit: Cones ¾” long, egg shaped, hanging singly from the tips of the twigs. Under each scale are two small, winged seeds. EASTERN HEMLOCK Bark: Flaky on young trees, gray-brown to redbrown; thick and roughly grooved when older. General: A large, long-lived tree, important for construction timber and tannic acid for tanning leather. Found in cool, moist woods throughout PA Official state tree of Pennsylvania Ruffed grouse, wild turkey, and songbirds find food and shelter in this tree. Deer browse it heavily when deep snow makes other foods scarce. WHAT TREE??? WHITE PINE Leaves: Evergreen needles in clusters of five; soft & flexible;3-sided, 2 ½ -5” long, and bluish-green. The only pine native to Pennsylvania with five needles per bundle. Twigs: Slender, flexible, with rusty hairs when young, later smooth. Buds egg shaped, usually less than ½” long, gray brown. WHITE PINE Fruit: Cones 5”-8” long, without prickles, slightly curved, resinous; each scale usually bears two winged seeds as do all our native pines. Bark: Young trunks and branches greenishbrown, later darker, grooved, and scaly. WHITE PINE General: Eastern white pines are large trees. Usually reach 50- 90’ high. “Penn’s Woods” once saw white pines reaching 150’ and more. It is one of the most valuable softwood timber trees, found in moist or dry woodlands throughout the state, and often planted as an ornamental in large open areas. Many types of wildlife feed on the seeds and soft needles. The inner bark is the preferred winter food of the porcupine; deer browse the twigs. WHAT TREE??? NORWAY SPRUCE Leaves: Evergreen, stiff,1/2 to 1” long. Needles are 4-angled, but somewhat flattened, with a sharp-pointed tip, shiny green. Twig: Slender to medium in size, lacking hair, orangish brown. Needles are borne on woody pegs. Fruit: Cones are very large, cylindrical, 4 to 6 inches long, with stiff scales that are irregularly toothed. Turning brown and maturing September to November. Bark: Red-brown and scaly, later turning gray with flaking scales or plates. Flower: Males yellow-brown in large groups; females upright, purple. NORWAY SPRUCE General: A European species that has become a valuable naturalized member of our forests, and extensively planted as an ornamental. A large tree with a dense conical crown. Branchlets on older trees droop. Wood used chiefly for paper pulp, boxes, crates, and lumber. WHAT TREE??? RED PINE Leaves: Evergreen needles in clusters of two, slender,4”-6” long, dark green, borne in dense tufts at the ends of branchlets; snap easily when bent double. Twigs: Stout, ridged, yellow brown to redbrown, buds egg-shaped, about ½” long, brown at first and later silvery. RED PINE Fruit: A cone, about 2” long, without prickles, nearly stalkless, remains attached until the following year. Bark: Comparatively smooth, reddish-brown. General: Like White pine, this medium to large sized tree develops one horizontal whorl of side branches each year. A valuable softwood timber tree in the northern part of the State, its wood is used chiefly for construction lumber. Native on dry slopes in Luzerne, Wyoming, Tioga, and Centre counties and planted extensively by the Bureau of Forestry and the Pennsylvania Game Commission. Songbirds, mice and chipmunks feed on the seeds. WHAT TREE??? Wild Black Cherry Leaves: Alternate, simple, 2-5” long; narrow with tapering tip, shiny above, paler below and usually with one or more small glands at the base; margins with short in-curved teeth which distinguish it from other cherries. Twigs: Smooth, reddish brown, marked with numerous pale, round lenticles; often covered with a thin gray coating which rubs off easily. Buds smooth, shiny, sharp pointed, reddish-brown tinged with green. When broken, very bitter smelling. Wild Black Cherry Fruit: Round, black with a purplish tint; 1/3-1/2” in diameter, containing a single, round, stony seed. Arranged in hanging clusters. Flowers white, blooms in June. General: Commonly 50-70’ high, this species grows throughout the state. It thrives infertile alluvial soil, but also grows well on dry slopes. The hard reddishbrown wood is highly prized for quality furniture and interior trim. Many game birds, song birds, and mammals, including black bear, eat the fruit and seeds. When burned it gives off nice color and aroma. QUESTIONS WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON PA TREE? ANSWER RED MAPLE QUESTION What is the most common type of forest in PA? ANSWER OAK-HICKORY TYPE QUESTION What are the other two types of forests found in PA? ANSWER Maple-Beech-Birch Oak-Pine TREE GROWTH Five parts Heartwood Sapwood Cambium Inner bark Outer bark TREE GROWTH Heartwood: dead part of tree in center; consists of cellulose held together by linguin Sapwood: New wood; Living part that carries water and nutrients up from the roots (xylem) Cambium: Growing part of the trunk; produces new bark and wood annually TREE GROWTH Inner Bark: Transports food from the leaves to rest of tree (Phloem); lives a short while and then turns to cork Outer Bark: Protection from outside world; helps keep the tree from losing moisture and protects from cold and heat. QUESTION What factors affect tree growth? ANSWER Water: lack of or abundance of Sunlight: too little or too much Temperature: too hot or too cold QUESTION What provides for better forest management? ANSWER THINNING QUESTION What % of PA is covered by forest? ANSWER Approximately 58% QUESTION What do we call the forest of PA? ANSWER PENN’S WOODS Management Practices Types of Forest Management Practices Shelter wood Cutting Select Cutting Seed Tree Clear Cutting Diameter Limit Management Practices Shelter wood Cutting: used for shade tolerant trees a cutting system designed to stimulate reproduction by removing all overstory trees. This is achieved by a series of cuts spaced several years apart. Gradual reduction of stand density protects understory trees and provides a seed source for stand regeneration Management Practices Select Cutting: Used for Shade Tolerant trees a regeneration cut designed to create and perpetuate an uneven-aged stand. Trees may be removed singly or in small groups. A well designed selection cut removes trees of lesser quality and trees in all diameter classes along with merchantable and mature high-quality sawlog trees. Management Practices Seed Tree Cutting: Shade Tolerant Trees a mature tree left standing in a harvest cut to provide seed for regeneration of the cut-over stand Management Practices Clear Cutting: Shade Intolerant a type of regeneration or harvest cut which removes all trees from a stand. A new stand develops from stored seed, seed from adjacent stands, sprouts, or advance regeneration Management Practices Diameter Cutting: Shade Intolerant Cutting trees depending on a specific diameter. Not a recommended practice by PA foresters but the most common type of cutting in our area. QUESTION Who owns the majority of Penn’s Woods? ANSWER 70 % of Penn’s Woods are owned by private property owners. Vertical Forest Stratification Canopy Midstory Understory Subterranean CROWN CLASSES Dominant: Above all other trees in the stand Co-Dominant: In between lower and top of canopy Intermediate: Lower than the Co-Dominants but higher than the lowest class Suppressed: Lowest trees; do not get adequate sunlight necessary for good growth Threats to Forests Invasive Species Invasive Plants Wildfires Invasive Species in PA Emerald Ash Bore: affects ash trees by eating the cambium layer of tree Hemlock Wooly Adelgid: destroys hemlocks by sucking the sap out of the tree. Easily identified by the white wool like material left on branches of tree Gypsy Moth: Caterpillars eat leaves and defoliate trees Asian Long-horned beetle: Affects mostly Maple trees by eating cambium layer Bark Beetle: Causes Dutch Elm disease. Beetle eats cambium layer Invasive Plants Mile-A-Minute Weed: Multiflora Rose: Giant Ragweed: Tree of Heaven: Purple Loosestrife: Bush and Japanese Honeysuckle: Japanese Barberry: Garlic Mustard: Autumn Olive: Wildfires in PA Wildfires do occur in PA Ninety-eight percent of our wildfires are caused by people One of the major causes of forest fires in Pennsylvania is debris burning our greatest danger of wildfires is in the spring months of March, April and May, and the autumn months of October and November Forest Measuring Tools The Biltmore Stick: Forest Measuring Tools Forest Measuring Tools Clinometer What are PA trees harvested for? Sawlogs Pulpwood Vaneer Logs Baseball Bats Cabin Logs Mine Timbers What %??? How is the tree used? Best Management Practices Some examples of BMPs include: Creating a written management plan based on a resource inventory and landowner objectives. Focus on protection of the residual stand rather than on the trees being removed. Retaining seed sources of species needed to achieve long-term management objectives. Promoting regeneration by controlling competing ferns and grasses and protecting seeds, seedlings and sprouts from deer and other wildlife. Minimizing soil compaction and rutting by matching operating techniques, season of operation and equipment to soil types and moisture levels. Provide adequate riparian buffers between disturbed areas, such as roads or landings, and streams or wetlands. Protect cavity trees, snags and food-producing shrubs and vines for wildlife.