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Terrestrial Biomes What is a biome? A biome is a geographic area with the same climate, flora, and fauna. Abiotic factors Abiotic factors: never living things of the environment. – Examples: soil, air, light, temperature, water Biotic factors Biotic factors: living or once living things of the environment. Examples: people, bacteria, animals, plants, fungi, insects, dead plants and animals, etc. Levels of Organization Terrestrial Biomes: differ by location, plants, and animals Temperate/Deciduous Forest (TDF) Tropical Rain Forest (TRF) Taiga/Boreal Forest/Coniferous Forest Tropical Grassland/Savanna Temperate Grassland/Prairie Tropical Desert Cold Desert Chaparral Tundra Mountain Biomes of the World Each of the world’s biomes has its own unique characteristics. 3 Main Climate Zones Polar to 66.5 N Temperate 66.5N to 23.5N Tropical 23.5 N to 23.5 S Temperate 66.5S to 23.5S Polar to 66.5 S Polar Zone Located from the Poles to 66.5 N and S. Coldest Temperatures of all 3 zones Tundra Biome Taiga Biome Temperate Zone Located from 66.5 N and S to 23.5 N and S. Change of Seasons Experience hot and cold temperatures. Temperate Forest Prairie Chaparral Desert Tropical Zone Located from 23.5 N to 23.5 S. Area along the equator. Receives most solar radiation. High temperatures/Precipitation varies Desert Rain forest Savanna Earth’s Climate Zones Complete the diagram: Draw the lines at the correct latitude and label the lines of latitude. Label the zones: Temperate, Tropical and Polar. Color the Tropical zone red, the Temperate zone green and the Polar zone blue. Temperate Deciduous Forest Temperature: -22 to 86º Fahrenheit Precipitation: 24-60 inches annually Characteristics: – Has 4 distinct seasons – You live here – Leaves change color in autumn Zone: Temperate Temperate Deciduous Forest Flora: the plants of a biome – Examples: oak tree, maple tree, azaleas, shrubs, grasses Fauna: the animals of a biome – Examples: ants, deer, turkeys, frogs, eagles Interesting facts: – Deciduous trees lose their leaves to conserve water Temperate Deciduous Forest Covers 1/3 of the Earth’s area Dominated by trees and woody vegetation Precipitation is distributed evenly throughout the year Animal life includes many things such as bears, deer,and rodents Pictures of TDF Flora White oak, Genus: Uercus Species: alba Lady Fern, Genus: Athyrium Species: felix-femina Pictures of TDF fauna American Bald Eagle European Red Squirrel White-tailed Deer Insects of the TDF Rain Forest Tropical Rain Forest Temperature: 75 to 85º Fahrenheit Precipitation: 50-260+ inches annually Characteristics: – 12 hours of daylight – 2 seasons: rainy and dry – Poor soil Interesting facts: – Most diverse biome – Many plants there could be used for medicines. – 85% of the world’s TRF have been deforested. Tropical Rain Forest The Rain Forest is made of 3 layers: – The first layer is the canopy. – The second layer is the understory. – The third is the forest floor. The Rain Forest contains about 45% of all animal species in the world making it the biome with highest biological diversity. TRF Flora and Fauna Flora: the plants of a biome – Examples: orchids, ferns, trees—would find many buttress trunks here – Fauna of the TRF is very shallow rooted. Fauna: the animals of a biome – Examples: birds, bats, insects, frogs, & small mammals Flora of the TRF Bougainvillea Genus: Bougainvillea Species: spectabilis Tualang Common Names: Mengaris, Honey Bee Tree, Dëoh Genus: Koompassia Species: excelsa Mangrove Forests Fauna of the TRF Fauna of the TFR Golden Lion Tamarin Genus: Leontopithecus Species: rosalia African Forest Elephant Common Names: Pygmy Elephant Genus: Loxodonta Species: cyclotis Toco Toucan Genus: Pamphastos Species: toco T a i g a Taiga/Boreal Forest/Coniferous Forest Temperature: 14 to 57º Fahrenheit Precipitation: 14-30 inches annually Zone: Temperate FYI: Current extensive logging may soon cause the taiga to disappear. Taiga/Boreal Forest/Coniferous Forest Characteristics: – Animals migrate, hibernate, or insulate to survive. – Cone shape of trees helps them shed snow & prevents damage to trees. – Soil is low in nutrients & high in acid. Why? – Found in the Northern Hemisphere near the polar region & very few people live there. Taiga/Boreal Forest/Coniferous Forest Interesting facts: – Find in Moscow, Toronto, etc. – Taiga is the Russian word for marshy pine forest. – It is home to bogs and ponds. – It has some permafrost but not as much as the tundra. – It occupies about 17% of the Earth’s land area. Taiga/Boreal Forest/Coniferous Forest Flora of the Taiga: – Include conifers (cone-producing plants) such as spruce, firs, and pines – Rarely see birch and aspen trees (deciduous trees) Fauna of the Taiga: – Include moose, deer, bears, bobcats, squirrels, moles, eagles, birds, and insects Taiga Flora Eastern Red Cedar Common Names: Red Cedar, grave yard tree Genus: Juniperus Species: virginiana Black Spruce Common Names: Black Spruce, Bog Spruce, Swamp Spruce, épinette noire Genus: Picea Species: mariana Taiga Fauna Long-Eared Owl Common Names: Cat Owl Genus: Aiso Species: otus Snowshoe Rabbit Common Names: Varying Hare Genus: Lepus Species: americanus American Black Bear Genus: Ursus Species: americanus Wolverine Genus: Gulo Species: luscus Tropical Grassland/Savanna Tropical Grassland/Savanna Temperature: 61 to 93º Fahrenheit Precipitation: 20-50 inches annually Zone: Tropical Tropical Grassland/Savanna Characteristics: – Has trees – Has wet and dry seasons – Dry season is always followed by fire and is necessary for survival of the savanna. Tropical Grassland/Savanna Flora: grass, trees, and shrubs Elephant Grass Common Name: Napier grass, Uganda grass Genus: Pennistum Species: purpureum Jackal Berry Tree Common Names: Jackalberry Tree, Jakkalbessie, African Ebony Genus: Diospyros Species: mespiliformis Tropical Grassland/Savanna Fauna: giraffe, zebras, gazelles, elephants, wildebeests Grant's Zebra Common Names: Plains Zebra Genus: Equus Species: burchelli bohmi Wildebeest Temperate Grassland (Prairie) Temperature: -40 to 100 +º Fahrenheit Precipitation: 20-35 inches annually Zone: Temperate Temperate Grassland Characteristics: – Few grasslands left due to clearing of land for farms—for croplands Interesting facts: – Biome with the richest/most fertile soil Temperate Grassland Flora: grasses, flowers, and trees, only near water Fauna: spiders, insects, rabbits, coyotes, mice, prairie dogs Tropical Deserts Temperature: -0.4 to 120º Fahrenheit Precipitation: less than 20 inches annually Zone: Tropical Tropical Deserts Characteristics: – Cover 1/5 of the Earth’s surface – Have rich soil – Hot and dry Interesting facts: – 4 deserts in North America – Plants have shallow roots near the soil surface, waxy coverings, & spiny leaves to conserve water. – Sahara Desert in Africa is the world’s largest, covering over 3.5 million acres of land. Deserts of North America Fauna examples: also include spiders, insects, birds Desert Kangaroo Rat Genus: Dipodomys Species: deserti Sonoran Pronghorn Antelope Common Names: Genus: Antilocarta Species: americana sonoriensis Coyote Common Names: Coyote Genus: Canis Species: latrans Desert Tortoise Common Names: Gopher Tortoise Genus: Gopherus Species: agassizii Fauna Examples Sonoran Desert Toad Common Names: Sonoran Toad Genus: Bufo Species: alvarius Cactus Ferruginous Pygmy Owl Genus: Glaucidium Species: brasilianum cactorum Flora: Also include shrubs, small trees, yuccas, and agaves Joshua Tree Genus: Yucca Species: Saguaro Cactus Genus: Carnegiea Species: gigantea brevifolia Agave Blue agave farm in Mexico http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://z.about.com/d/gomexico/1/0/n/0/-/-/IMG_60191.jpg&imgrefurl=http://gomexico.about.com/od/fooddrink/ss/mezcal_process.htm&usg=__Mko5xbM8f175VDmfk9FxbkB3j3k=&h=300&w=400&sz=48 &hl=en&start=16&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=5dxJfSha_SR43M:&tbnh=93&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dagave%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dac tive%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us:IE-ContextMenu%26rlz%3D1I7SUNA%26tbs%3Disch:1 http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://ag.arizona.edu/pima/gardening/aridplants/images/Agav e_americana_stalks.jpg&imgrefurl=http://ag.arizona.edu/pima/gardening/aridplants/Agave_americana.ht ml&usg=__lnqQHe0Ynn7Ehzdbnhwt91t5f6U=&h=401&w=275&sz=43&hl=en&start=7&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid= IB7RNtBU53jHBM:&tbnh=124&tbnw=85&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dagave%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe %3Dactive%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us:IE-ContextMenu%26rlz%3D1I7SUNA%26tbs%3Disch:1 Agave plant in bloom— called century plants in the south since they take 25 years to bloom The flower of an agave plant Aloe Vera not to be confused with Agave Polar (cold) Desert Temperature: 28-79º Fahrenheit Precipitation: 6-10 inches annually Zone: polar Polar desert characteristics & facts Cold winters with high precipitation Short summers Soil is heavy and salty Find in Antarctica, Greenland, and Asia Fauna of the Cold Desert Emperor penguins and gazelles Flora of the cold desert Lichen Pin cushion moss Fire moss (above and algae below) Chaparral Temperature: 50-104º Fahrenheit Precipitation: 15-40 inches annually Zone: Temperate Chaparral Characteristics: – shrubby coastal area with hot, dry summers and cool, mild, wet winters Interesting Facts: – Shallow-rooted plants – Drought and fire are common – Plants are adapted to fire Chaparral Flora Examples: Also include scrub oak, cacti, yuccas Blue Oak Common Name: Californis Blue Oak, Iron Oak, Mountain White Oak, Mountain Oak Genus: Quecus Species: douglasii Common Sagebrush Common Name: Sagebrush, Big Sagebrush Genus: Artemisia Species: tridentata Yucca http://www.geographylists.com/mojave_yucca.jpg Chaparral Fauna Examples: Also include birds, insects, & reptiles Golden Jackal Genus: Canis Species: aureus Black-tailed Jackrabbit Genus: Lepus Species: californicus Bezoar Goat Common Names: wild goat Genus: Capra Species: aegagrus Tundra Temperature: -30 to 57º Fahrenheit Precipitation: 6-10 inches annually Zone: polar Tundra Characteristics: Interesting facts: – Coldest of all biomes – Much permafrost – Low diversity found in this layer – Animals migrate, hibernate, or insulate to survive the cold of this biome. – Experiences large changes in population numbers due to migration Flora: lichen, hedges, shrubs Tundra Fauna: hares, birds, wolves, elk, sheep Caribou Moss Arctic Fox Common Name: Caribou Moss, Reindeer Lichen Genus: Cladonia Species: rangiferina Common Names: Polar Fox, White Fox Genus: Lagopus Species: alopex Caribou Common Names: Caribou, Reindeer Genus: Rangifer Species: tarandus Mountain/Alpine Temperature: 10-59º Fahrenheit Precipitation: 12 inches annually Zone: temperate Mountain/Alpine Characteristics: – Too cold and too much UV from sun, – – – – causing few organisms to live there Found at elevations of 10,000 feet Animals migrate, hibernate, or insulate to survive the cold of this biome. Animals have shorter tails, legs, & ears to reduce heat loss. Animals have larger lungs and more red blood cells Mountain/Alpine Interesting facts: – Very dry – Cover 16% of Earth’s surface area – Sandy, rocky, well drained soil – Temperature can go from warm to freezing in a few hours to a day – Rainshadow effect – Every 3,280 feet increase in elevation = 18 degree drop in temperature Mountain flora and fauna Not many plants because of little carbon dioxide. Find small plants near the ground and dwarf trees, grasses, heaths, and shrubs. Fauna include goats, sheep, elk, beetles, grasshoppers, and butterflies. Mountain flora examples Bristlecone Pine Genus: Pinus Species: longaeva Pygmy Bitterroot Common Names: Alpine Bitterroot, Pursh Genus: Lewisia Species: pygmaea Mountain fauna examples: Chinchilla Genus: Chinchilla Species: brevicaudasa Snow Leopard Genus: Panthera Species: uncia