Download Chapter 5 Overview of Living Primates

Chapter 6
A Survey of the Living Primates
Chapter Outline
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Primates Characteristics
Primate Adaptations
Geographical Distribution and Habitats
Diet and Teeth
Chapter Outline
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Locomotion
Primate Classification
A Survey of the Living Primates
Endangered Primates
Primates As Mammals
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There are approximately 190 species of
nonhuman primates
Primates belong to:
Vertebrate class - Mammalia
Subgroup of placental mammals.
Prosimians
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Members of a suborder of Primates, the
Prosimii.
Traditionally, the suborder includes
lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers.
Primates
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Members of the order of mammals
Primates, which includes prosimians,
monkeys, apes, and humans.
Anthropoids
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Members of a suborder of Primates, the
Anthropoidea.
Traditionally, the suborder includes
monkeys, apes, and humans.
Primates Characteristics
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Fur (body hair)
Long gestation followed by live birth
Homeothermy, the ability to maintain a
constant body temperature
Increased brain size
Capacity for learning and behavioral
flexibility.
Primate Limbs
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A tendency towards erect posture.
Hands and feet possess grasping ability.
Features of the hands and feet:
5 digits on hand and feet
Opposable thumb
partially opposable great toe
Tactile pads enriched with sensory
nerve fibers at the ends of digits
Primate Limbs
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A horse’s front foot,
homologous with a
human hand, has
undergone reduction
from 5 digits to one.
Primate Limbs
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Raccoons are capable of
considerable manual
dexterity and can readily
pick up small objects with
one hand, they have no
opposable thumb.
Primate Limbs
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Many monkeys are able
to grasp objects with an
opposable thumb, while
others have very reduced
thumbs.
Primate Limbs
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Humans are capable
of a “precision grip.”
Primate Limbs
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Chimpanzees with their
reduced thumbs are
capable of a precision
grip but frequently use a
modified form.
Primate Senses and the Brain
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Color vision is a characteristic of all diurnal
primates, nocturnal primates lack color vision.
Depth perception is made possible by eyes
positioned forward on the front of the face.
Decreased reliance on the sense of smell.
The brain has expanded in size and become
increasingly complex.
Binocular Vision in Primates
Primate Maturation
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Longer periods of gestation
Reduced numbers of offspring
Delayed maturation
Extension of the entire life span.
Primate Learning and
Behavior
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Have a greater dependence on flexible,
learned behavior.
Tend to live in social groups.
Males are permanent members of many
primate social groups, a situation unusual
among mammals.
Base of an Adolescent
Chimpanzee Skull
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In an adult animal,
the bones of the skull
would be fused
together and would
not appear as
separate elements as
shown here.
Question
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Which of the following is not a primate
characteristic?
a) stereoscopic vision
b) highly developed sense of smell
c) orthograde or upright posture
d) prehensility
Answer: b
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A highly developed sense of smell is
not a primate characteristic.
Question
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Binocular vision in primates contributes
to
a) color vision.
b) lateral vision.
c) panoramic vision.
d) stereoscopic vision.
Answer: d
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Binocular vision in primates contributes to
stereoscopic vision.
Primate Adaptation
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Primate anatomical traits evolved as
adaptations to environmental
circumstances.
Arboreal Hypothesis
Visual Predation Hypothesis
Angiosperm Radiation Hypothesis
Arboreal Hypothesis
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Arboreal living was the most important
factor in the evolution of primates.
Prehensile hand is adapted to climbing in
the trees.
A variety of foods led to the omnivorous
diet and generalized dentition.
Visual Predation Hypothesis
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Primates may have first adapted to
shrubby forest undergrowth and the
lowest tiers of the forest canopy.
Forward facing eyes enabled primates to
judge distance when grabbing for insects.
Flowering plants may have influenced
primate evolution.
Angiosperm Radiation
Hypothesis
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Suggests the basic primate traits were
developed in conjunction with the rise of
the angiosperms (flowering plants) that
began around 140 mya.
Flowering plants provide numerous
resources for primates, including nectar,
seeds, and fruits.
Geographical Distribution of
Living Nonhuman Primates
Geographical Distribution of
Living Nonhuman Primates
Primate Habitats
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Most live in tropical or semitropical areas
of the new and old worlds.
Most are arboreal, living in forest or
woodland habitats.
No nonhuman primate is adapted to a
fully terrestrial environment; all spend
some time in the trees.
Primate Diet and Teeth
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Generally omnivorous, reflected in their
generalized dentition.
Most eat a combination of fruits, leaves,
and insects.
Most have four types of teeth: incisors,
canines, premolars and molars.
Dental Formula
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The human maxilla (a) illustrates a dental
formula characteristic of Old World monkeys,
apes, and humans. The Cebus maxilla (b)
shows the dental formula typical of most New
World monkeys.
Primate Locomotion
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Most are quadrupedal, using all four limbs
in their locomotion.
Arm swinging is found among the apes.
Prehensile tails, found only among the
new world monkeys, are used as an aid to
locomotion.
Differences in Anatomy and Limb
Proportions and Locomotor Patterns
Differences in Anatomy and Limb
Proportions and Locomotor Patterns
Differences in Anatomy and Limb
Proportions and Locomotor Patterns
Differences in Anatomy and Limb
Proportions and Locomotor Patterns
Human Chromosome 2
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Human chromosome 2
has banding patterns that
correspond to those of
chimpanzee
chromosomes 12 and 13.
These similarities
suggest that human
chromosome 2 resulted
from the fusion of these
two ape chromosomes
during the course of
hominid evolution.
Revised Partial Classification of
the Primates
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The terms Prosimii and Anthropoidea have been
replaced by Strepsirhini and Haplorhini.
The tarsier is included in the suborder with monkeys.
Prosimians
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The most primitive of the primates.
Characteristics:
Reliance on olfaction
Laterally placed eyes
Shorter gestation and maturation
periods
Dental specialization called the "dental
comb”
Rhinarium
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This cat’s rhinarium
enhances his sense
of smell.
Dental Comb
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Prosimian dental
comb, formed by
forward projecting
incisors and canines.
Lemurs
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Found on the island of Madagascar and other
islands off the coast of Africa.
Extinct elsewhere in the world.
Characteristics:
Larger lemurs are diurnal and eat vegetable
foods: fruit, leaves, buds, and bark.
Smaller lemurs are nocturnal and
insectivorous (insect -feeding).
Geographical Distribution of
Modern Lemurs
Ring Tailed Lemur
Sifakas in Their Native
Habitat in Madagascar
Slow Loris
Galago or “Bush Baby”
Lorises
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Found in tropical forests and woodlands of
India, Sri Lanka, southeast Asia, and Africa.
Characteristics:
Use a climbing quadrupedalism.
Some are insectivorous; others supplement
their diet with fruit, leaves, gums, and slugs.
Females frequently form associations for
foraging or in sharing the same sleeping
nest.
Tarsiers
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Small nocturnal primates found on the
islands of southeast Asia.
Eat insects and small vertebrates which
they catch by leaping from branches.
Basic social pattern appears to be a
family unit consisting of a mated pair and
their offspring.
Tarsier
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Geographical
distribution of
tarsiers.
Question
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Which of the following is NOT true of
tarsiers?
a)They are nocturnal.
b)They are insectivorous.
c)They live in groups of 10-12
individuals.
d)They can rotate their heads almost
180 degrees.
Answer: c
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Tarsiers do not live in groups of 10-12
individuals.
Anthropoids
(Monkeys, Apes and Humans)
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Common traits:
Larger brain and body size
Reduced reliance on the sense of smell
Greater degree of color vision
Bony plate at the back of the eye socket
Different female reproductive anatomy
Longer gestation and maturation periods
Fused mandible
Monkeys
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Represent about 70% of all primate
species.
Divided into two groups separated by
geography and several million years of
evolutionary history:
 New world monkeys
 Old world monkeys
New World Monkeys
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Almost exclusively arboreal.
Found in southern Mexico and central and
south America.
Two families: Callitrichidae and Cebid
New World Monkeys
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Prince Bernhard’s titi
monkey (discovered
in 2002)
New World Monkeys
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Female muriqui with
infant
New World monkeys.
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Squirrel monkeys
New World monkeys.
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White-faced capuchins
New World monkeys.
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Male uakari
New World Monkeys:
Callitrichidae
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Live in families composed of a mated pair
or a female and two adult males, plus the
offspring.
Males are involved with infant care.
New World Monkeys: Cebid
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Possess prehensile tails.
Most live in groups of both sexes and all
ages.
Others live as monogamous pairs with
subadult offspring.
Old World Monkeys
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Habitats range from tropical forests to semiarid
desert to snow-covered areas in Japan and
china.
Characteristics:
Most quadrupedal and arboreal
All belong to the Cercopithecidae family.
Divided into subfamilies, the cercopithecines
and the colobines.
Geographical Distribution of
Modern Old World Monkeys
Adult Male Sykes Monkey
Savanna Baboons
(a) Male (b) Female
Characteristics Distinguishing
Hominoids From Monkeys
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Larger body size
Absence of a tail
Shortened trunk
More complex behavior
More complex brain
Increased period of infant development
and dependency
Gibbons and Siamangs
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Found in the tropical areas of southeast Asia.
Adaptations for brachiation may be related to
feeding while hanging from branches.
Diet is largely fruit with leaves, flowers, and
insects.
Basic social unit is a monogamous pair and
their offspring.
Males and females delineate their territories
with whoops and “songs”.
Geographical Distribution of
Modern Asian Apes
White-handed Gibbon
Orangutans (Pogo pygmaeus)
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Found in heavily forested areas of Borneo
and Sumatra.
Almost completely arboreal.
males = 200 lbs, females = 100 lbs
Pronounced sexual dimorphism.
Solitary
Principally frugivorous (feed-eating).
Gorillas (Gorilla Gorilla)
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Largest of the living primates.
Confined to forested regions of central Africa.
Males can weigh up to 400 pounds, females
200 pounds.
Primarily terrestrial, using a posture called
“knuckle –walking”.
Groups consist of one large silverback male, a
few adult females, and their subadult offspring.
Geographical Distribution of
Modern African Apes
Western Lowland Gorillas
(a) Male (b) Female
Mountain Gorillas
(a) Male (b) Female
Chimpanzees
(Pan Troglodytes)
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Found in equatorial Africa.
Anatomically similar to gorillas particularly in
limb proportions and upper-body shape.
Locomotion includes knuckle-walking on the
ground and brachiation in the trees.
Eat a variety of plant and animal foods.
Large communities of as many as 50
individuals.
Chimpanzees
(a) Male (b) Female
Bonobos (Pan paniscus)
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Only found in an area south of the Zaire river.
Population is believed to only number a few
thousand individuals.
Exploit the same foods as chimps, including
occasional small mammals.
Male-female bonds constitute the societal core.
Sexuality includes frequent copulations
throughout the female's estrous cycle.
Female Bonobos With Young
Humans (Homo Sapiens)
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The only living species in the family
Hominidae.
Human teeth are typical primate teeth.
Dependence on vision for orientation to
the world
Humans (Homo Sapiens)
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Flexible limbs and grasping hands
Omnivorous diet
Cognitive abilities are the result of
dramatic increases in brain size.
Bipedal
Endangered Primates
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Over half of all living primates are
endangered, many face immediate
extinction.
Three reasons:
Habitat destruction
Hunting for food
Live capture for export or local trade
Hunting of Primates
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In West Africa the most serious problem is
hunting to feed the growing human
population.
Estimated that thousands of primates, are
killed and sold for meat every year.
Primates are also killed for commercial
products.
Question
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Which of the following is not a reason that
nonhuman primates are endangered?
a)
habitat destruction
b)
hunting for food
c)
live capture for either the exotic pet
trade or biomedical research
d)
establishment of biological reserves
Answer: d
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The establishment of biological
reserves is not a reason that nonhuman
primates are endangered.
Tropical Rain Forests of the
World