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5/22/2017 Photosynthesis Packet #16 Chapter #8 1 Introduction I Photosynthesis The process of storing light energy from the sun in the form of glucose The process of making sugar (glucose) using light energy Photo--”light” Synthesis--”make” ; “put together” 5/22/2017 2 Introduction II Photosynthesis nourishes almost all of the living world directly or indirectly Autotroph Organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms. Use energy from the sun or from oxidation of inorganic substances to make organic molecules from inorganic ones. 5/22/2017 3 Introduction III Heterotroph An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products Humans eating plant or animal matter Fungi on feces, carcasses Bacteria of the large intestines 5/22/2017 4 Photosynthesis Chemical Reaction 6CO2 + 12H2O + Light Energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O 5/22/2017 5 Structure of the Leaf Site of Photosynthesis Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis in plants. Found within mesophyll cells. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll A green pigment that captures light energy during photosynthesis Found in the cells of the mesophyll of the leaves Stomata Pores under the leaves where CO2 enters and O2 leaves the plant/leaf 5/22/2017 6 Events of Photosynthesis The Light Reactions Photo part of photosynthesis Calvin Cycle Synthesis part What does the plant synthesize? 5/22/2017 7 8 5/22/2017 Light Reactions Light Reactions “Photo” part of photosynthesis Convert solar energy to chemical energy Contains the photo systems that cooperate in the light reactions of photosynthesis Each photosystem will absorb specific wavelengths of light 5/22/2017 Photosystem I--700nm Photosystem II--680 nm Oxygen is formed in photosystem II H2O is a reactant in the formation of O2 9 ATP & NADPH ATP is produced at Electron Transport Chain #1 NADPH is produced at Electron Transport Chain #2 ALL ATP and NADPH produced during the Light Reactions are transported to the Calvin Cycle to be used in the synthesis of glucose 5/22/2017 10 Light Reactions I Overall Inputs Light NADP+ ADP P H2O Outputs ATP NADPH O2 5/22/2017 11 12 5/22/2017 Cyclic vs. Non Cyclic Electron Flow Light Reactions—Non-cyclic Electron Flow Photosystem II I. a. Electron Transport Chain I II. a. ATP produced will be used in the Calvin Cycle Photosystem I III. a. Continues the movement of electrons Electron Transport Chain II IV. a. 5/22/2017 The reaction center drives an oxidation-reduction reaction (Redox Reaction) that helps in the formation of oxygen. NADPH produced will be used in the Calvin Cycle 13 Non-Cyclic Electron Flow Uses both photosystems Produces NADPH, ATP and oxygen 5/22/2017 14 Cyclic Electron Flow Only uses photosystem I and part of Electron Transport Chain I Produces ATP but no NADPH or O2 Used to “make-up” the necessary amount of ATP’s for the Calvin Cycle 5/22/2017 15 16 5/22/2017 Calvin Cycle—The Dark Reactions Calvin Cycle “Dark Reactions” Synthesis of photosynthesis Makes sugar Uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 to sugar 5/22/2017 17 Calvin Cycle Overall Inputs CO2 H2O ATP NADPH Outputs 5/22/2017 Sugars (Glucose) ADP P NADP+ 18 Calvin Cycle Sequence of Events Carbon Fixation Use of carbon dioxide Reduction 1, 3 bisphosphoglycerate is reduced to the sugar G3P 6 ATP’s is used Reduced using the electrons produced by the oxidation of NADPH Regeneration of CO2 Acceptor 5/22/2017 This acceptor, RuBP, is then reused in carbon fixation to continue the next cycle of the Calvin Cycle 19 20 5/22/2017 Review