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ORDER DIPTERA Flies, gnats, mosquitos… DIPTERA Di: two Ptera: wings Complete development Chewing (larva) Sponging or piercing sucking (adult) DIPTERA WINGS: 1 pair Front: membranous Back: stubs LEAFMINER HOSTS • Oak, holly, boxwood, juniper, pine… LEAFMINER (Page 166) HOSTS • Oak, holly, boxwood, juniper, pine… LEAFMINER DAMAGE • Blotch or tunnel in foliage • Leaf drop in late summer • Mainly visual LEAFMINER • Several hundred species of foliage miners that can be moths, beetles, flies or sawflies • Larva: 1/8" maggot • Adult: 1/8" mosquito-like LEAFMINER CONTROL • Healthy plants tolerate • Resistant cultivars FUNGAL GNAT • One generation per month • Attracted to moist shade and organic matter FUNGAL GNAT HOST • General feeder • Many feed on organic matter • More severe in greenhouse potting soil • Potting soil sterile FUNGAL GNAT DAMAGE • Larva strips roots • Loss vigor, wilting FUNGAL GNAT • Severe on propagated cuttings • Limited roots FUNGAL GNAT CONTROL • Clean up debris • Yellow sticky cards for adults • Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis, (Gnatrol) • Drench soil with insecticide • Predatory nematodes ORDER ORTHOPTERA Grasshoppers, crickets, mantids… ORTHOPTERA Orthos: straight Ptera: wings Incomplete Chewing mouthparts MOLE CRICKET • Southern: carnivore (4 dots) • Tawny: herbivore (plant pest) • Introduced species are problem • Native species not so much MOLE CRICKET • HOSTS: Turfgrass • Bermudagrass • Centipdedgrass MOLE CRICKET DAMAGE • Eat roots and shoots at night • Disruptive tunnels • Predatory damage MOLE CRICKET SAMPLING • Disclosing solution MOLE CRICKET CONTROL • Mostly insecticidal • Biocontrol • Nematodes • Parasitic wasp ORDER THYSANOPTERA Thrips THYSANOPTERA Thysanos: tassel Ptera: wings Incomplete Rasping-sucking mouthparts Narrow, fringed wings (nymph wingless) Can transmit diseases Several generations / year THRIPS (156) HOSTS • Flower thrips: flowers and buds • Greenhouse thrips: feed openly on foliage PREDATORY THRIP THRIPS (139) DAMAGE • Mostly harmless to woody plants • Stippling and bleaching foliage • Dead spots on leaves • Tar spots underside of leaves THRIPS (139) THRIPS (139) THRIPS (139) MONITOR • Branch beating (paper) • Sticky traps: blue for western flower thrip, yellow for other species THRIPS (139) CONTROL • Maintain plant health to tolerate • Soap and Oil • Predatory wasp release in greenhouse Chilli Thrips-Adult 1st Instar Larva Chilli Thrips nd 2 Instar Larva SCOUTING Chilli Thrips - rose Ligustrum Pittosporum Ligustrum Chilli Thrips-Schefflera Why Biological Control? • Thrips control impacted implementation of IPM programs in many ornamental crop systems. • Chemical control in the landscape is NOT SUSTAINABLE Franklinothrips vespiformis Adult Franklinothrips vespiformis Nymph CLASS ARACHNIDA Spider mite SPIDER MITES Incomplete Piercing-sucking No wings SPIDER MITES • Microscopic • Red southern (red), two-spotted (clear with 2 black spots) • Can complete generation in 2 weeks SPIDER MITES HOSTS • Herbaceous plants, fatsia, butterfly bush, conifers… • Foliage, fruit, and flowers • Feed on lower surface SPIDER MITES DAMAGE • Stippling and bleaching • Webbing when populations high • No tar spots SPIDER MITES MONITORING • Look on underside of leaf • Branch beat over paper SPIDER MITES CONTROL • Miticide • Oil and soaps • Predaceous spider mites release Koppert Biocontrol • Sachet of predatory mites • Slow release
