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Basal Eudicots: Ranunculales and Proteales Spring 2011 Figure 9.1 from the text Eudicots (tricolpates) • Monophyletic: tricolpate pollen, slender filaments in stamens*, and loss of ethereal oils • Ca. 125 million years old as a lineage • Ca. 75% of angiosperm diversity (at least 160,000 species) • Flower parts in whorls, with whorls alternating* *also happened in monocots Figure 9.3 from the text Tricolpate relationships Basal and lower core eudicots Basal tricolpates Order Ranunculales Ranunculaceae – Buttercups Papaveraceae - Poppies Order Proteales Platanaceae - Sycamore Order Caryophyllales Caryophyllaceae - Carnations Amaranthaceae - Amaranths “Portulacaceae” - Purslanes Cactaceae - Cacti Polygonaceae - Knotweeds Order Saxifragales Crassulaceae Saxifragaceae Hamamelidaceae Basal Eudicots: Ranunculales: Ranunculaceae (The Buttercup Family) • • • • • • • Widespread, but predominantly of temperate and boreal regions Herbs or less often shrubs or vines Diversity: 2,000 in 47 genera Flowers: receptacle short to elongated; tepals 4 to many; stamens numerous; 5+ free carpels; fruit usually an aggregate of follicles or achenes Significant features: wide range of floral diversity and pollination syndromes, toothed or lobed leaves Special uses: primarily ornamentals Required taxa: Ranunculus, Aquilegia Ranunculaceae flower structure Ranunculaceae – Ranunculus Buttercups -cauline leaves alternate -flowers usually yellow (rarely white) -petals (3-) 5 or more -petals flat or concave, often with a nectarproducing spot or pit at the base -fruit an aggregate of achenes Ranunculaceae – Aquilegia Columbines -herbs with 2-3ternately compound leaves -sepals 5, colored like the petals -petals 5, all alike, each with a nectar spur -fruit an aggregate of follicles -hummingbird, bee and hawkmoth pollination Basal Eudicots: Ranunculales: Berberidaceae (The Barberry Family) • Widespread, in temperate regions of • • • • • • Northern Hemisphere & the Andes in South America Shrubs or herbs Diversity: 670 species in 15 genera Flowers: petals & sepals (4-) 6; stamens 4-6 (to numerous); unicarpellate, superior ovary; fruit a berry, seeds often arillate Significant features: Yellow wood (!). Special uses: primarily ornamentals Family not required; for information only Berberidaceae Podophyllum peltatum Basal Eudicots: Ranunculales: Papaveraceae (The Poppy Family) • • • • • • • Widely distributed in temperate regions; N. Hemisphere, South Africa. Herbs or soft wooded shrubs. Diversity: 770 species in 40 genera. Flowers: Sepals 2 (-3) & quickly deciduous; petals 4 (6); carpels 2+, connate, superior ovary; fruit a capsule (poricidal or slits) Significant features: Leaves often highly dissected or lobed; latex/laticifers present; most taxa are poisonous Special uses: poppy (Papaver somniferum) source of opiate alkaloids, ornamentals Required taxa: Papaver (poppy) Papaveraceae - Papaver -herbs with white latex -flower buds nodding -sepals 2, petals 4 -stigmas forming a flat, 4-20-rayed crown -capsule with poricidal dehiscence Basal Eudicots: Proteales: Platanaceae (The Sycamore Family) • • • • • • • Tropical to temperate regions, N. America, S. Europe, SW & SE Asia Trees Diversity: 7 species in 1 genus Flowers: densely arranged in a raceme of globose heads; flowers small, unisexual, inconspicuous, wind-pollinated; fruits are achenes associated with hairs in dense, globose clusters Significant features: characteristic bark; leaves usually with palmate venation; axillary buds covered by an enlarged petiole base Special uses: ornamental trees, lumber Required taxa: Platanus (sycamore/plane tree) Platanaceae – Platanus occidentalis