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Climate 4 days of notes Topic: Latitude & Climate • Objectives: – I will know what climate is – I will know how latitude affects climate – I will know where deserts and rainforests are found Climate!? • Remember, weather is daily changes in temperature and precipitation • If you were to travel around the world, you would experience a variety of climates • Climate is the characteristic weather for a certain region • For example, a rain forest is generally wet year round and a desert is usually dry year round • The wettest rain forest receives more than 1165cm of rain a year, while a desert receives less than 25cm of rain per year What is Climate? • Climate is the _____weather for a region over a long period of time • It measures _____(yearly) changes in _______ and ______(how hot or how wet a region is) • Climate is affected by: -latitude -elevation -proximity to water such as oceans -topography (mountains) Answer Bank warm temperature average precipitation annual indirect 23.5º Angle of Insolation Affects Climate 30o 60o angle 30o 60o angle 0o 90o angle 30o 60o Latitude Affects Climate Tropic Zones • Because latitudes near the equator receive high angle direct sunlight, they are heated more and have warmer climates • These latitudes are known as the tropics and lie between 0 and 23.5 degrees latitude • The tropics Experience warm climates year round 23.5o 0o 23.5o Latitude Affects Climate Temperate Zones • As we move farther from the equator temperatures start to get colder • The temperate zones are located between 23.5º and 66.5º latitude • Temperate zones have climates that can be both warm and cold —or moderate year round • We live in the temperate zone— cold winters and warm summers 66.5o 23.5o 0o 23.5o 66.5o Latitude Affects Climate Polar Zones 90 o • As latitude increases even farther, we start to move closer to the poles • At 66.5 º north and south of the equator lie the polar zones Solar energy hits the polar zones at a low angle (less direct), spreading the same amount of energy over a larger area • Also polar ice reflects some of this solar energy (radiation) • Polar zones are cold year round 66.5o 23.5o 0o 23.5o 66.5o 90o How does latitude affect climate? • As we move farther from the equator temperatures get colder Tropic zones are located between 0º and _____ latitude and have ____ climates year round-- Ex: rain forest, deserts Temperate zones are located between 23.5º and _____ latitude and have both warm and cold climates-- Ex: Maritime, Mediterranean Polar Zones are located between 66.5º and ____ latitude and have _____climates year round— Ex: Artic, Tundra, Ice cap Answer Bank warm 66.5º Cold (2) 90º round indirect 23.5º Latitude Effects Climate Desert Here, climates air is sinking are located Creating High Pressure at around 30º (Sunny weather) North latitude 30º North Latitude Why? Equator 0º Latitude Why? Tropical climates Here, airare is located rising near (doldrums) 30º South Latitude creating pressure the low equator (Cloudy, weather) 0ºRainy latitude Desert climates Here, air is sinking are located Creating High Pressure at around 30º (Sunny weather) South latitude Warm Humid Tropical air Rises at the Doldrums Oo latitude -- Equator 30º North Latitude Whenever air rises, clouds form and we Get precipitation Low Pressure Here we get tropical rainforests Equator 0º Latitude Air sinks at 30o Latitude creating sunny High Pressure Here we get Deserts 30º South Latitude What latitude are Rainforests and Deserts found at??? • ____ are located at ___º Latitude (equator) air rises (low pressure) • ______ are found at around ___º Latitudeair sinks (High pressure) Answer Bank Deserts 30º direct Rainforest warm 0 Summarize: 30o angle 60o angle 1) The angle of _____ affects climate 2) High angle (90o) rays strike at the equator creating ____ tropical climates and low angle rays create ____ climates o 60 3) Wet Tropical climates are found at ___ latitude and 30o deserts are found at ___ latitude 0o 90o Answer Bank angle 30o 60o 30o warm Insolation 0o cooler Topic: Factors that Affect Climate • Objectives: – I will know how elevation, mountains, continents, large bodies of water and ocean currents affect climate Are We Done? No! • As it turns out, classifying climate types is more complex • It is true that as we move farther from the equator it gets colder, easy right? • Unfortunately, it is not this simple • If our world had no mountains, oceans, and seasons, then we could stop now • As we know, our world does have mountains, oceans, and seasons—all of which change the worlds climate Mountains, Seasons, Oceans, and Continents making things difficult! Elevation Affects Climate • If you were go skiing, you might notice something as your elevation increased • At one point, you probably noticed snow on the side of the road • This is because as your elevation increased, the temperature decreased (as you get higher, it gets colder) • Therefore, cities like Denver which are higher in elevation have cold or cooler climates How does elevation effect climate? • Because temperatures decrease with elevation, (as you get higher, it gets colder) • High ______ climates are _____than low lying areas Answer Bank Elevation warm humid hot tropical desert Cooler(2) Condenses cold Rain Shadows As the air continues to The Windward side rise, it cools to theThe Leeward side of Mountains have Freezing point dropping of Mountains have wet moist climatessnowflakes dry desert climates The mountain forces the air to rise, as it rises, it cools below The Dew point forming Condensation, clouds and rain Moist air from Dew Point over the ocean Moves in over the land (wind) Sacramento The air is now dry Having lost it’s moisture The dry air flows over the mountain, creating a desert on the Leeward side of Lake the mountain Tahoe Reno San Francisco Pacific Ocean Windward Leeward How do Mountains Affect climate? • Mountains create Answer Bank Elevation rain shadows warm humid • Mountains force Windward(2) hot moist air up tropical where it ____and desert Cooler drops its Please draw and label: Condenses Leeward -Windward side (wet side) moisture on the cold -Leeward side (dry side) _____side • The climate on the _____windward side is wet and cool • And the climate on the _____ leeward side is dry and desert like Large Bodies of Water Effect Climate • Coastal regions like that of the bay area experience a cooler, more humid climate • For example, San Francisco has a cool climate year round, never getting extremely hot or extremely cold • Why? • Because the Pacific Ocean keeps the temperatures moderate all year long, therefore, San Francisco even in the summer stays cool! Climate Graphs How does the ocean effect San Francisco's climate Sacramento San Francisco How do large bodies of water effect climate? • _____ create cooler, wetter, more ____climates Ex: San Francisco, Hawaii Answer Bank Elevation warm humid Windward hot desert Cooler(2) Condenses oceans cold Honolulu, Hawaii Ocean Currents & Climate • Ocean currents are either warm or cold • Because of this, ocean currents also affect coastal climate • Warm currents from the equator create warm climates • Cold ocean currents from the poles create cold climates Warm currents Cold currents Iceland: Hot or Cold? • With a name like Iceland, what do you think the climate of Iceland is like? • What do you think the climate is like? • Well, as it turns out, Iceland is not as cold as you think • Why is this? Iceland: Hot or Cold? • Iceland receives water from a warm ocean current called the Gulf Stream • Because the ocean current is warm, the climate of Iceland is also warm Warm currents Cold currents How do Ocean Currents affect Climate? • Warm ocean currents create Answer Bank Elevation ___climates warm humid Windward • Cold ocean hot currents create desert Cooler(2) Condenses ___climates • Ex: Iceland, England & the Gulf Stream current Leeward cold Warm currents Cold currents Continental Climates • Cities which are located in the middle of continents experience freezing winters and hot summers • Therefore, cities like Chicago experience dramatic temperature fluctuations over the coarse of a year: Hot summers and Cold winters Continental Climates -40o • Observe the behavior -20o of temperature as -10o they cross over the o North American 5o0 Continent o -30o 10 • How Do temperatures increase or decrease as they cross a continent??? 15o 20o 25o Winter 30o What happens to the temperature where continents exist??? Pangea Climate • Remember the super continent Pangea • One plausible theory on the extinction of the dinosaurs was that an extreme continental climate killed them • Pangea’s climate would have experienced extremely hot summers and extremely cold winters How do Continents affect climate? • Continental climates (FAR FROM THE OCEAN) experience VERY ____winters and VERY ____summers • Extreme seasons • Ex: Chicago, Pangaea Answer Bank Elevation warm humid hot tropical desert Cooler(2) Condenses cold Summarize: Answer Bank Currents Water Seasons Rain shadows England Cooler warm Factors that influence climate Large bodies of____ Create ____more humid Climates Mountains create ______ _______ Ex. Reno Ex. San Francisco Continents create Extreme ______ Ex. Chicago Warm Ocean _____ Create____climates Ex. Iceland &_______ Topic: Climate types, Seasons & Climate Change • Objectives: – I will know the six basic climate types – I will know how the season are created – I will understand how catastrophic events have changed earth’s climate in the past Climate Classification • How should we classify climates? • As it turns out, climates are classified by temperature and precipitation (how hot or wet a place is) • There are 6 basic climate types: • Climate types include: Tropical Climates, Mild Climates, Dry Climates, Continental Climates, Polar, High Elevation Climates What are the 6 basic climate types? • _______Climates (warm and humid) • Temperate Climates- (hot summers, cool winters) – 2 types – Maritime (coastal) – _________ (inland) • • • • Answer Bank Elevation Away Volcanic Mediterranean glaciers toward tropical Arid (Dry) tilt Polar (hot summers, cold winters) Meteorite _____Desert Climates Continental Climates _____Climates (cold) High ______Climates (cold and wet) • Seasons are a natural change in the earth’s climate • Seasons change climate by a change in daylight, temperature, and weather patterns • These changes or variations have to do with the amount of solar radiation (energy) we receive from the sun Seasons • Because the earth revolves around the sun tilted on its side, different parts of the earth receive varying amounts of sunlight during the coarse of a year • This changes our weather, temperature and the amount of daylight Season Demo Winter Summer (Less sunlight) (More sunlight) Summer Winter (Less sunlight) (More sunlight) What are Seasons? • Seasons are short term periods of climate change • Seasons are the result of earth’s ____ on it’s axis Answer Bank Elevation Away Volcanic weaken glaciers toward tropical Arid tilt eastward Meteorite Factors that effect Climate • Each year, we receive our seasons which give us predictable, fairly constant weather • However, our earth was not always like this • Geologic records show that in the past, climate changed • In the past 2 million years, glaciers have covered large parts of the earth’s surface • These periods of extensive glacier cover are called ice ages • Ice Ages are periods when much of our earth was covered by huge sheets of ice called glaciers Ice Ages • Throughout the past 3 million years, ice ages have come and gone • Right now, we are coming out of an ice age • We call periods between Ice ages Interglacial intervals • We go in and out of glacial periods on average about every 20 to 35 thousand years What are Ice Ages? • Ice Ages are periods when much of our earth was covered by huge sheets of ice called______ • We have been coming out of an ice age for the last 20,000-35,000 years Answer Bank Elevation Away Volcanic Mediterranean glaciers toward tropical Arid tilt Polar Meteorite What Causes Climate Change? • Why does our earth’s temperature fluctuate, bringing about colder periods (Ice Ages) and warmer periods? • Climate change on a global scale may have to do with catastrophic events • These catastrophic events may have altered the amount of solar energy (radiation) we receive from the sun • Does anybody know what kind of catastrophic events could cause a change in the earth’s climate? Catastrophic Events & Climate Change • Catastrophic events such as large meteorite impacts and volcanic eruptions put enormous amounts of dust, ash, and smoke into the atmosphere • These dust, ash, and smoke particles could have blocked enough solar radiation that it could have had a cooling effect on the planet—changing its climate! Volcanic Eruptions • If enough volcanic eruptions were to occur at or near the same time, the results could have a major effect on the earth’s climate • In 1991, Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines erupted • It put enough volcanic ash in our atmosphere to change temperatures and climates around the world Red areas show where ash cover was at its maximum Mt. Pinatubo: The eruption that changed earth’s climate Meteorite Impacts • Geologic Evidence shows that huge meteorite impacts may have also contributed to climate change • Just like volcanic eruptions, a meteorite impact would also put enormous amounts of dust and smoke into the atmosphere, blocking solar radiation What are 2 catastrophic events that could alter earth’s climate? • _____eruptions and _____impacts are two catastrophic events that could block solar radiation from entering the earth, creating a cooling effect on the planet—changing its climate! Answer Bank Elevation Away Volcanic Mediterranean glaciers toward tropical Arid tilt Polar Meteorite Summarize • In Figure 1, it is _____ in the northern hemisphere and _____ in the southern hemisphere • The northern hemisphere is receiving ____ hours of sunlight and the southern hemisphere is receiving ____ hours of sunlight • Seasons are caused by the ____ ____. • Major climate changes could be caused _____ eruptions or meteorite ____. Fig. 1 Answer Bank Summer volcanic Earth’s tilt Winter impacts less more Topic: Humans and Climate Change • Objectives: – I will know how carbon circulates through our earth (carbon cycle) – I will know what the greenhouse effect is and how humans are making it worse – I will what global warming is and it’s consequences Carbon Comes in Different Forms: Carbon Changes Form: Pure Carbon is CO Carbon in LifeAir Plants and Trees take in Over time, Carbon isisanimals in the 2 (animals, plants & trees) also in the ground The Burning of Trees and and plants dieFossil Fuels Through Photosynthesis inInthe form of CO 2 the forms of In the form ofCO becoming fossil fuels (Coal and Oil) release It is converted into Oxygen O Carbohydrates Rock, coal and oil 2 2 back intoCoal, the atmosphere Oil C H O and Carbohydrates C (Fossil fuels) 6H12O 6 6 12 6 CO2+ H2O O2 + C6H12O6 What is the Carbon Cycle? • The movement, circulation and ______of carbon through out the earth (air, ground and life) in the form of CO2 in the air, carbohydrates in Life and fossil fuels in the earth 2 Answer Bank Gases storage Pollution change methane Trapping sea Carbon dioxide Carbon Cycle and Humans • Today the carbon cycle is out of balance due to the burning of trees which remove carbon or CO2 from the air • Moreover, cars and factories burn fossil fuels (coal, oil) which release more Carbon Dioxide (CO2 ) into our air How are Humans affecting the Carbon Cycle? • The carbon cycle is out of balance due to the burning of trees or _______ and coal, oil (fossil fuels) which release CO2 into our atmosphere Answer Bank Gases greenhouse Pollution change methane Trapping sea deforestation Humans and Climate Change • Today, many newspapers and magazine headlines warn us about the greenhouse effect and global warming • These two things are related but not the same thing • Humans may be altering the earth’s climate by speeding up the green house effect by pumping billions of tons of greenhouse gases into our atmosphere every year Greenhouse Effect • The greenhouse effect is natural heating caused by gases in our atmosphere trapping or absorbing heat • Carbon dioxide, water vapor and methane are the main greenhouse gas responsible for trapping much of that heat • Venus has a major greenhouse effect because its atmosphere is made mostly of Carbon Dioxide • The greenhouse effect is similar to what is happening on the inside of your car on a hot summer day Greenhouse Effect These greenhouse gases The earth’s surface radiates heat Solar About Energy 1% of from earth’s the atmosphere sun (radiation) As we humans add more Greenhouse Gases (COback andatmosphere water vapor) waves our 2, methane, passes made through of into greenhouse the atmosphere gases: (COis , methane, water vapor) to our 2 absorb or warms trap this heat, keeping Some heat escapes (CO and water the vapor) earth 2, methane, atmosphere, global temperatures will rise our atmosphere warm What is the Greenhouse Effect? • Natural heating caused by ____in our atmosphere _____heat, keeping our planet warm • _____ ______(CO2), water vapor and _____are the main greenhouse gas responsible for trapping heat • The use of _____ fuels has made the greenhouse effect worsetrapping more heat Answer Bank Gases greenhouse fossil change methane Trapping sea Carbon dioxide Global Warming • • • • • Simply put, global warming simply means global temperatures are rising One reason for global warming is the increase in greenhouse gases in our atmosphere If the average temperature continues to rise, ice caps will melt, low lying areas will experience flooding Ice caps are already beginning to break apart, causing a rise in sea level Should you be concerned if you lived on the east coast or gulf coast areas? Sea Level Rise • What an 8 foot rise in sea level would look like! Mt. Kilimanjaro: Before & After • Before: Mt. Kilimanjaro in 1976 • After: Mt. Kilimanjaro in 2006 Glaciers Melting—Before and After North Ice Cap—Before and After • Before: North Pole Ice Cap in 1976 • After: North Pole Ice Cap today What If? • So what if the theory of global warming isn’t true and skeptics are right??? • What if the 99.9% of the scientist’s who accept global warming are wrong? • But consider this: -What’s the worst that could happen? -We clean our air -We clean our water -We create more clean energy jobs, jobs of the future -We no longer see environmental damage like oil spills and potential loss of life What is Global Warming? • A rise in global temperatures due to an increase in _____ gases, mainly (CO2 ) • A small increase in global temperatures can result in – – – – – – climate ____ melted glaciers rise in ___ level Increase in global disease More animal extinction Increase in droughts and floods Answer Bank Gases greenhouse Pollution change methane Trapping sea Carbon dioxide Summary • A gas that increases the greenhouse effect is _____. • The ________ effect is the natural heating caused by gases in our atmosphere absorbing _____, keeping our planet warm • When gas, oil, and coal are burned, _____ is released into the atmosphere Answer Bank Greenhouse heat atmosphere (2)CO2