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Weather Chapter 1: Section 1 The Atmosphere Weather is the condition of Earth’s atmosphere at a particular place and time. Atmosphere: layer of gases that surrounds the planet. 78% nitrogen 21% oxygen 1% other gases(CO2, argon) Air pressure: the force of a column of air pushing down on an area. *measured with a barometer *decreases as altitude increases Low pressure = rainy, cloudy High pressure = clear skies Air has mass, density, and pressure. Warm air = less dense Cool air = more dense Measuring Air Pressure Barometers – Mercury barometer • (inches of mercury) – Aneroid barometer • (millibars) 1013.2 mb = 29.92 ________ inches 1022.8 mb = 30.20 ________ inches 30.53 inches = 1034.0 ________ mb 29.81 inches = 1009.5 ________ mb Air Pressure Layers of the Atmosphere Section 4 Four layers based on changes in temperature. Troposphere: lowest layer where weather occurs. WHY? *The only layer containing water* Stratosphere: has the ozone (O3) layer. Mesosphere: coldest layer. Thermosphere: outer layer and is very hot. Earth’s Atmosphere Weather Factors Chapter 2 1. Energy: travels from the Sun to Earth by electromagnetic waves in the form of light, infrared radiation(heat), and ultraviolet radiation. Energy is absorbed, reflected, and scattered by the atmosphere. A Green house Greenhouse Effect: is when heat is trapped by the gases in the atmosphere. CO2 – burning fossil fuels increases amount. 2. Heat: moves throughout the atmosphere by conduction, convection, and radiation affecting weather. 3. Wind: is a horizontal movement of air from high pressure to low pressure. Named by where they come from. Anemometer: measures wind speed. Wind-chill factor: increased cooling caused by wind. Local Winds: caused by unequal heating of Earth’s surface within a small area. Examples: Sea breeze Land Breeze Global Winds: caused by movement of air between the equator and poles. 4. Water: Water Cycle: is the movement of water between the atmosphere and Earth’s surface. *causes= humidity, clouds, and precipitation. Humidity: amount of water vapor in the air. Relative Humidity: % of vapor in the air compared to the maximum amount the air can hold at that temperature. *Measured with a psychrometer Clouds: form when water condenses in the atmosphere when it cools. Examples: Cumulonimbus Cirrus Stratus Cumulus Precipitation: any form of water that falls from the sky. Examples: Rain, sleet, snow, hail *measured with a rain gauge *Acid rain: man made form of pollution *Natural pollutant: Pollen, volcanic ash Mountain Weather Weather w.s. # 6 Weather Patterns Chapter 3 Air Masses and Fronts: Air masses are classified based on their temperature and humidity. Temperature: hot/cold Humidity: moist/dry Tropical – warm = (T) Polar – cold = (P) Maritime – moist = (m) Continental – dry = (c) moist & ________ cold Ex: mP air is ______ Fronts: Areas where air masses meet and do NOT mix. 1. Cold - violent weather at the front. 2. Warm - rain ahead of front. 3. Stationary – neither air mass is strong enough to move the other. 4. Occluded – warm air trapped above and between two cold air masses. For all fronts, the direction of symbols tells you direction front is moving southeast northeast Quiz Time… A What type of front is at A? cold Storms Storms: are a violent disturbance in Earth’s atmosphere. Thunderstorms: from cumulonimbus clouds. Tornadoes: are fast moving funnel shaped clouds. Hurricanes: are large tropical storms forming over warm water Isobars: show areas of equal air pressure. What is the barometric pressure at Z? 1012mb Z Lake Effect Snow