Survey
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Review: Meteorology What is Weather? What is Weather? • The state of the atmosphere at a given time and place • Constantly Changing Composition of the Atmosphere • 78% Nitrogen (N2) • 21% Oxygen (O2) • 1% Other gases Composition of the Atmosphere • 78% ________? • 21% ________? • 1% ________? Other Components • Water Vapor – Most important gas for atmospheric processes – Source of all clouds and precipitation • Carbon Dioxide (CO2) – Absorbs energy given off by the Earth • Ozone (O3) – Absorbs harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun Layers of the Atmosphere Layers of the Atmosphere • Divided into layers based on temperature • Rapidly thins as you travel away from Earth • Layer 1: _________? – Bottom layer – Temperature ________? as altitude increases – ________? occurs, we live in it • Layer 1: Troposphere – Bottom layer – Temperature decreases as altitude increases – Weather occurs, we live in it • Layer 2: _______? – Temperature remains constant then slowly _____? with height – Location of the _______? layer • Layer 2: Stratosphere – Temperature remains constant then slowly increases with height – Location of the ozone layer • Layer 3: _______? – Temperature ________? with height – Meteors occur here • Layer 4: ________? – Temperature ________? with height – Thins out to space – Auroras occur here • Layer 3: Mesosphere – Temperature decreases with height – Meteors occur here • Layer 4: Thermosphere – Temperature increases with height – Thins out to space – Auroras occur here Air Pressure & The Atmosphere • Air Pressure – Force of the weight of air above • Increase in altitude will cause the air pressure to _______? Air Pressure & The Atmosphere • Air Pressure – Force of the weight of air above • Increase in altitude will cause the air pressure to decrease What Happens to Solar Radiation? • ________? – Radiation bounces off the object • _________? – Produces a large number of rays that travel in many directions • __________? – To take within the object What Happens to Solar Radiation? • Reflection – Radiation bounces off the object • Scattering – Produces a large number of rays that travel in many directions • Absorption – To take within the object What percentage of Solar Radiation Reaches Earth’s Surface? • ______% reaches Earth’s surface • _____% absorbed by clouds • ____% reflected or scatters back to space What percentage of Solar Radiation Reaches Earth’s Surface? • 50% reaches Earth’s surface • 20% absorbed by clouds • 30% reflected or scatters back to space How can Heat transfer? • _________? – Direct contact (touching) • _________? – By circulation (hot air goes up, cold air goes down) • _________? – Waves through space How can Heat transfer? • Conduction – Direct contact (touching) • Convection – By circulation (hot air goes up, cold air goes down) • Radiation – Waves through space Why do Temperatures Vary? Why do Temperatures Vary? • • • • • • Altitude Geographic Position Cloud Cover Ocean Currents Heating of Land Heating of Water Heating of Land vs. Water • Land heats up ________? than water • Land cools down ________? than water Heating of Land vs. Water • Land heats up faster than water • Land cools down faster than water Albedo • The fraction of total radiation that is reflected by any surface • Daylight Cloud Cover – Temperatures ______? than on a clear day – Clouds reflect radiation back to space • Nighttime Cloud Cover – Temperatures ______? than on a clear night – Clouds absorb radiation from Earth, and send it back down Albedo • The fraction of total radiation that is reflected by any surface • Daylight Cloud Cover – Temperatures lower than on a clear day – Clouds reflect radiation back to space • Nighttime Cloud Cover – Temperatures higher than on a clear night – Clouds absorb radiation from Earth, and send it back down What Causes Wind? What Causes Wind? • Air pressure differences – Steep pressure differences cause strong winds – Gentle pressure differences cause light winds • The sun fuels the pressure differences How do Winds move? • Flow from a _____? air pressure area to a _____? air pressure area How do Winds move? • Flow from a high air pressure area to a low air pressure area Global Winds • The atmosphere balances itself by acting as a giant heat-transfer system. • Moves warm air towards ______ latitudes and cool air towards the _______ Global Winds • The atmosphere balances itself by acting as a giant heat-transfer system. • Moves warm air towards high latitudes and cool air towards the equator What are the Global Winds? A. __________? – Two belts of winds that blow almost constantly from East to West B. __________? – – Dominate west to east motion of the atmosphere Jet stream occurs C. _________? – Winds that blow east to west D._________? – Interaction of warm and cool air masses produces a storm belt What are the Global Winds? A. Trade Winds – Two belts of winds that blow almost constantly from East to West B. Westerlies – – Dominate west to east motion of the atmosphere Jet stream occurs C. Polar Easterlies – Winds that blow east to west D. Polar Front – Interaction of warm and cool air masses produces a storm belt How about Local Winds? • Either –Land Breeze –Sea Breeze –Valley Breeze –Mountain Breeze States of Matter States of Matter • • • • Solid Liquid Gas Plasma • Solid, Liquid, and Gas are the most important with weather Changing Between States Changing Between States 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Melting Freezing Condensation Vaporization Sublimation Deposition What is Humidity • ________? • Warm air contains ______? water vapor than cool air What is Humidity • Amount of water vapor in the air • Warm air contains more water vapor than cool air What is Relative Humidity? • Is the ratio________? • Increasing air temperature causes an _______? in relative humidity What is Relative Humidity? • Is the ratio of the actual water vapor content compared with the amount of water vapor air can hold • Increasing air temperature causes an increase in relative humidity What is Dew Point? • The temperature to which air would need to be cooled to be________? • Cool past this point, water will __________? What is Dew Point? • The temperature to which air would need to be cooled to be saturated • Cool past this point, water will condense What is a Cloud? What is a Cloud? • Forms when air cooled to its dew point • Classified on the basis of their appearance and height What is Precipitation? What is Precipitation? • Any form of water that falls from a cloud Types of Precipitation • ________? – Drops of water that fall • ________? – Light, fluffy, six-sided ice crystals • _______? – Fall of clear to translucent ice • ________? – Rain that turns to ice when they impact objects • _______? – Balls of ice produced in cumulonimbus clouds Types of Precipitation • Rain – Drops of water that fall • Snow – Light, fluffy, six-sided ice crystals • Sleet – Fall of clear to translucent ice • Glaze – Rain that turns to ice when they impact objects • Hail – Balls of ice produced in cumulonimbus clouds What is an Air Mass? What is an Air Mass? • Large body of air that is characterized by similar temperatures and amount of moisture Air Mass and Weather • Fairly ________? weather in the area the air mass is in • Carries _______ & _______ as it moves • As an air mass moves south, it will start to warm but bring _______ temperatures Air Mass and Weather • Fairly constant weather in the area the air mass is in • Carries moisture & temperature as it moves • As an air mass moves south, it will start to warm but bring colder temperatures Classifying Air Masses • Based on –____? –____? Classifying Air Masses • Based on –Temperature –Surface area over which it forms Classifications of Air Masses By Temperature Surface Area • Polar (P) • Continental (c) – High Latitude (towards the poles – Cold Temperatures • Tropical (T) – Low Latitude (near the equator) – Warm Temperatures – Over Land – Cold or warm depending on latitude • Maritime (m) – Over Water – Cold or warm depending on latitude Classifications of Air Masses By Temperature Surface Area • ________? • ________? – High Latitude (towards the poles – Cold Temperatures • _______? – Low Latitude (near the equator) – Warm Temperatures – Over Land – Cold or warm depending on latitude • ________? – Over Water – Cold or warm depending on latitude Four Basic Types of Air Masses cP = Continental Polar mP = Maritime Polar – Dry & Cool – Cold & Dry in winter and summer – Wet & Cold – Mild, humid, unstable cold air from Canada cT = Continental Tropical mT = Maritime Tropical – Dry & Warm – Extremely hot, drought like conditions – Wet & Warm – Source of the precipitation in the U.S. What is a Front? • __________? • Types of Fronts – Warm – Cold – Stationary – Occluded What is a Front? • Boundary where two air masses meet • Types of Fronts – Warm – Cold – Stationary – Occluded _______? Front • Warm air pushes upward over cold air • Light to __________? • Temperatures rise in the areas • Symbol – A line with red semicircles extending on one side in the direction of motion Warm Front • Warm air pushes upward over cold air • Light to moderate rain • Temperatures rise in the areas • Symbol – A line with red semicircles extending on one side in the direction of motion _______? Front • When cold, dense air moves into a region occupied by warmer air • __________? • Temperatures drop • Symbol – A line with blue triangles extending on one side in direction of motion Cold Front • When cold, dense air moves into a region occupied by warmer air • Thunderstorms • Temperatures drop • Symbol – A line with blue triangles extending on one side in direction of motion ________? Front • Does not move • Gently to moderate ______? • Could rain for days • Symbol – Red semi-circles on one side and blue triangles on the other Stationary Front • Does not move • Gently to moderate rain • Could rain for days • Symbol – Red semi-circles on one side and blue triangles on the other _________? Front • When a cold front overtakes a warm front • When overtaking occurs, _________?occurs • Symbol – Alternating purple triangles and purple semi-circle Occluded Front • When a cold front overtakes a warm front • When overtaking occurs, heavy rain occurs • Symbol – Alternating purple triangles and purple semi-circle High Pressure Systems • Clockwise Motion • _____? Weather Conditions • AKA: Anti-cyclones • Symbol: blue “H” High Pressure Systems • Clockwise Motion • Fair Weather Conditions • AKA: Anti-cyclones • Symbol: blue “H” Low Pressure Systems • Counterclockwise Motion • Stormy Weather • AKA: Cyclones • Symbol: red “L” Low Pressure Systems • Counterclockwise Motion • ________? Weather • AKA: Cyclones • Symbol: red “L” What is Lightning? What is Lightning? • Result from the build-up and discharge of electric energy • Connection between positive charges (ground) and negative charges (clouds) What is Thunder? What is Thunder? • The sound of rapidly expanding air usually associated with lightning • You see lightning before hearing thunder What is a Tornado? What is a Tornado? • Violent low pressure windstorm that takes the form of a rotating column of air (vortex) • Forms from cumulonimbus clouds • Produces heavy rain and hail Tornado Watch vs. Warnings • Tornado _____? – Possibility of development in an area • Tornado ______? – Tornado has been seen – Indicated by radar Tornado Watch vs. Warnings • Tornado Watch – Possibility of development in an area • Tornado Warning – Tornado has been seen – Indicated by radar What is a Hurricane? What is a Hurricane? • Whirling tropical cyclone – Low pressure system • Winds at least 119 km/h or 73 mph • Most powerful storm on Earth What are Isobars? • Lines connecting areas of equal pressure • Closely spaced isobars – High winds – Steep pressure gradient • Widely spaced isobars – Light winds – Weak pressure gradient What are Isobars? • Lines connecting areas of equal _________? • Closely spaced isobars – _______? winds – Steep ______? gradient • Widely spaced isobars – _______? winds – Weak _______ gradient What are Isotherms? • Lines connecting areas of same temperatures How to read a weather map symbol? What is Air Pollution? What is Air Pollution? • Airborne particles and gases that occur in concentrations large enough to endanger the health of organisms What are Primary Pollutants? • Emitted directly from identifiable sources • Where do they come from? What are Primary Pollutants? • Emitted directly from identifiable sources • Where do they come from? – Transportation vehicles (half by weight) – Industrial Processes – Aerosols – Burning Coal What are Secondary Pollutions? What are Secondary Pollutions? • Not emitted directly into the air • Form in the atmosphere through reactions Pollutions effects on Human Health Pollutions effects on Human Health • • • • Chronic Bronchitis Asthma Emphysema Lung Cancer What is Acid Rain? What is Acid Rain? • Rain that is more acidic than normal • Measured using the “pH” scale • Normal rain is slightly acidic and has a pH of about 5.6 • As of 2000, most acid rain measures 4.3 How does Acid Rain Form How does Acid Rain Form • Gases react in the atmosphere with water, oxygen and other chemicals to form mild solutions of sulfuric acid and nitric acid • Usually downwind from large cities and factories Effects of Acid Rain? Effects of Acid Rain • Chemical Weathering of Structures • pH levels of rivers become more acidic • Kills fish and trees • Mutation in aquatic organisms How do we monitor Air Pollution? How do we monitor Air Pollution • Laws – 1955: Air Pollution Control and Technical Assistance Act – 1967: Air Quality Act – 1970: Clean Air Act – 1978: CFCs banned in the United States – 1980: Acid Precipitation Act • Others – Develop clean energy sources – Use electric and hybrid cars – Set strict emission control standards – Factories install and use pollution control devices Climate What is Climate? What is Climate? • Yearlong average of weather patterns over an area; determined by temperature and precipitation Factors that Affect Climate? Factors that Affect Climate • • • • • • Latitude Elevation Topography Water Bodies Global Winds Vegetation Factor #1: Latitude • As latitude increases, the intensity of solar energy ______? • Three Zones – Tropical – Temperate – Polar Factor #1: Latitude • As latitude increases, the intensity of solar energy decreases • Three Zones – Tropical – Temperate – Polar Factor #2: Elevation • Higher the elevation is, the _______? the climate • Elevation determines amount of precipitation area receives Factor #2: Elevation • Higher the elevation is, the colder the climate • Elevation determines amount of precipitation area receives Factor #3: Topography • Land features affect amount of precipitation that falls over an area • Mountains cause a ____________? -One side has cool, wet air – One side has warm, dry air Factor #3: Topography • Land features affect amount of precipitation that falls over an area • Mountains cause a rain shadow event – One side has cool, wet air – One side has warm, dry air Factor #4: Water Bodies • Large bodies of water (lakes & oceans) have an important effect on the temperature of an area. • Temperature of the water body influences the temperature of the air above (land areas near warm water currents have ______? temperatures; ocean currents traveling away from equator are _______? water currents) Factor #4: Water Bodies • Large bodies of water (lakes & oceans) have an important effect on the temperature of an area. • Temperature of the water body influences the temperature of the air above (land areas near warm water currents have warm temperatures; ocean currents traveling away from equator are warm water currents) Factor #5: Global Winds • Winds distribute heat and moisture around the Earth • Warm air moves to the ______? • Cold air moves to the ______? Factor #5: Global Winds • Winds distribute heat and moisture around the Earth • Warm air moves to the poles) • Cold air moves to the equator Factor #6: Vegetation • Affects both temperature and precipitation • Temperature – Influence how much of the sun’s energy is_________?and how quickly it is released • Precipitation – When plants release water vapor from its leaves into the air (called: ___________?) Factor #6: Vegetation • Affects both temperature and precipitation • Temperature – Influence how much of the sun’s energy is absorbed and how quickly it is released • Precipitation – When plants release water vapor from its leaves into the air (transpiration) Köppen Climate Classification System • Most commonly used system • Uses mean monthly and annual values of temperature and precipitation • Five Principal Groups – – – – – Humid Tropical Humid Mid-Latitude Dry Highland (___________?) Polar Köppen Climate Classification System • Most commonly used system • Uses mean monthly and annual values of temperature and precipitation • Five Principal Groups – – – – – Humid Tropical Humid Mid-Latitude Dry Highland (cooler and wetter) Polar Natural Processes that Change Climate? Natural Process that Change Climate • • • • Volcanic Eruption Ocean Circulation Solar Activity Earth’s Motions Volcanic Eruption Volcanic Eruption • The presence of volcanic ash, dust and aerosols in the air increase the amount of solar radiation that is reflected back into space. • Causes Earth’s lower atmosphere to cool Ocean Circulation • EL NINO Ocean Circulation • EL NINO – Causes parts of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean to become warmer than usual – Arid places receive large amounts of rain – Places that receive lots of rain may experience dry periods – HERE? We have wet summers • LA NINA • LA NINA – Surface temperatures in the Eastern Pacific are colder than average – Hurricanes damage greater in La Nina times – HERE? We have dry summers Solar Activity Solar Activity • Formation of sunspots appear to correspond with warm periods in Europe and North America • 11 year cycle Earth’s Motion • Orbit and Tilt Earth’s Motion • Orbit and Tilt – Earth’s tilt causes the seasons – Change in the degree of tilt or shape of orbit could cause global climate changes Human Impact on Climate Change • The Greenhouse Effect – Is a natural warming of both Earth’s lower atmosphere and surface – Makes life as we know it possible – Major Gases: Water Vapor and Carbon Dioxide – Humans have added more greenhouse gases to the atmosphere in the past 200 years by burning fossil fuels Human Impact on Climate Change • The Greenhouse Effect Global Warming Global Warming • As a result of increases in Carbon Dioxide (CO2) as well as other greenhouse gases, global temperatures have increased • Affects weather and climates Temperatures Rising due to Global Warming • Effects? Temperatures Rising due to Global Warming • Effects – Glaciers melting – Greenland—If all of the ice melts, oceans will rise 23 feet – Antarctic—major reduction in ice coverage – Permafrost in Tundra is releasing CO2 that is stored under the ice – Effect on living things sensitive to temp.