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3rd Nine Weeks Exam Honors Study Guide 2015-16 1. What kind of weathering causes the mineral composition of rocks to change? • (chemical weathering) 2. Geologists infer from the rounded, eroded shapes of the Appalachian Mountains that • (the mountains have been eroding for millions of years) 3. A permeable rock weathers easily because it • (contains many small, connected air spaces.) 4. Soil that is rich in humus has high • (fertility) 5. The type of soil called loam is made up of • (nearly equal amounts of silt, sand, and clay.) 6. Living organisms in soil help to • (mix the soil and make humus.) 7. What can cause the loss of soil that is not protected by plant cover? • (erosion by water or wind) 8. The practice of plowing fields along the curves of a slope is called • (contour plowing) 9. What soil particles are the largest? • (gravel) 10. What are nematodes? • (tiny worms that live in soil) 11. The process by which natural forces move weathered rock and soil from one place to another is called • (erosion) 12. Landslides, mudflows, slump, and creep are all examples of • (mass movement) 13. Mass movement is caused by • (gravity) 14. A stream or river that runs into another stream or river is called a • (tributary) 15. Water erosion begins when runoff from rainfall flows in a thin layer over the land in a kind of erosion called • (sheet erosion) 16. Deltas are built up by • (deposition) 17. What is one main difference between continental glaciers and valley glaciers? • (Continental glaciers are much larger and thicker.) 18. After the last ice age, stranded ice blocks left behind by the continental glacier melted and formed • (kettles) 19. The energy that produces ocean waves comes from • (wind blowing across the water’s surface.) 20. Particles of clay and silt eroded and deposited by the wind are called • (loess) 21. A large stream of moving water that flows through the oceans is called a(n) • (current) 22. Plants use water to • (make their own food.) 23. Approximately what percentage of Earth’s water is fresh water? • (3%) 24. Water that fills the cracks and spaces in underground soil and rock layers is called • (groundwater) 25. Water that falls to Earth as rain, snow, sleet, or hail is called • (precipitation) 26. Salinity is a measure of which of the following in water? • (dissolved salts) 27. As you descend through the water column, • (temperature decreases) 28. What percent of our atmosphere is made up of oxygen? • (21%) 29. Which of the following features form where old ocean floor sinks back toward the mantle? • (trench) 30. What causes cold, deep currents to form in the oceans near the poles? • (sinking of dense, cold water with high salinity) 31. What percent of our atmosphere is made up of gases other than oxygen and nitrogen? • (1%) 32. Which of the following describes an example of the atmosphere acting as a system? • (global wind patterns) 33. The less mass in a given volume of air, the • (less dense the air.) 34. Instruments used to measure air pressure are called • (barometers) 35. As you rise upwards in the atmosphere, air pressure • (decreases) 36. The layer of our atmosphere in which weather occurs is the • (troposphere) 37. The greenhouse effect is • (the process by which gases hold heat in the atmosphere.) 38. Cool air tends to • (be more dense and flow under warm air.) 39. Local winds differ from global winds because they • (are caused by unequal heating within a small area.) 40. Earth’s rotation makes global winds curve. This is called the • (Coriolis effect) 41. What is the name of the process by which water vapor enters the atmosphere during the water cycle? • (evaporation) 42. Relative humidity can be measured with a(an) • (psychrometer) 43. Two conditions are required for cloud formation: cooling of the air and • (the presence of particles in the air.) 44. Very high feathery clouds are called • (cirrus clouds) 45. What you find in the stratosphere? • (weather balloon) 46. Cold, dry air affecting the northern United States in winter often comes from • (continental polar air masses.) 47. Weather associated with an anticyclone is generally • (dry and clear.) 48. What is measured using the Enhanced Fujita scale? • (tornado damage) 49. The collecting of weather data in the last 40 years has been improved mostly by • (balloons and satellites) 50. The most dangerous aspect of a snowstorm is often the • (high winds.) 51. Approximately what percentage of Earth’s water is salt water? • (97%) 52. Water that fills the cracks and spaces in underground soil and rock layers. • (groundwater) 53. The process by which water is lost through a plant’s leaves. • (transpiration) 54. The condition of Earth’s atmosphere at a particular time and place. • (weather) 55. The outer most layer of Earth’s atmosphere. • (thermosphere) 56. A measure of the amount of water vapor in the air. • (humidity) 57. Bands of high-speed winds about 10 km above Earth’s surface. • (jet streams) 58. A huge body of air in the lower atmosphere that has similar temperature, humidity, and air pressure at any given height. • (air mass) 59. Move away temporarily. • (evacuate) 60. The total amount of dissolved salts in a water sample. • (salinity) 61. Reflection of light in all directions. • (scattering) 62. The pattern of temperature and precipitation typical of an area over a long period of time. • (climate) 63. A “dome” of water that sweeps across the coast where the hurricane lands. • (storm surge) 64. The flow of cooler air from over an ocean or lake to land. • (sea breeze) 65. A large stream of moving water that flows through the oceans. • (current) 66. The flow of air from land to a body of water. • (land breeze) 67. The A horizon is a soil layer containing only partly weathered rock. • False (C horizon) 68. The type of weathering that occurs due to release of pressure is mechanical weathering. • True 69. Prairie grasses have root systems that spread out and can absorb water quickly in sandy soils. • False (desert plants) 70. Tropical soils are often low in humus and minerals. • True 71. The ice sheet on Antarctica has uniform depth. • False (varying) 72. Clear-cutting is the logging method of cutting down only some trees in a forest. • False (selective cutting) 73. A beach that projects like a finger out into the water is called a headland. • False (spit) 74. Wind direction influences the shape and size of a sand dune. • True 75. A karst develops when the roof of a cave collapses. • False (sinkholes) 76. Infiltration is the process by which solid ice can change directly into water vapor. • False (sublimation) 77. Sources of salt water on Earth include ice, rivers, lakes, and groundwater. • False (fresh water) 78. As you go deeper in the ocean, water pressure decreases. • False (increases) 79. The most abundant salt in ocean water is sodium chloride. • True 80. Winds are the main cause of deep currents in the ocean. • False (surface) 81. People live in the thermosphere, or inner layer of the atmosphere. • False (troposphere) 82. On the Celsius scale, the freezing point of pure water is 0°. • True 83. Dry air is 78% nitrogen and 21% carbon dioxide. • False (oxygen) 84. When heated, Earth’s surface radiates some of the energy back into the atmosphere as infrared radiation. • True 85. When you touch a hot spoon, heat is transferred by conduction from the spoon to your hand. • True 86. At a warm front, warm air meets and moves over cold air. • True 87. The low air pressure of anticyclones is often associated with storms and precipitation. • False (cyclones) 88. Rain or snow usually is associated with falling air pressure. • True 89. The boundary where unlike air masses meet but do not easily mix is called a(n) jet stream. • False (front) 90. Tornadoes form in the same kind of cloud as thunderstorms. • True 91. Two factors that determine the rate of weathering are the type of rock and the climate. • True 92-94. Identify coastal landforms. • Beach, sea arch, wave-cut cliff, sea stack 95-97 Know the layers of the atmosphere and what is found in each. • Troposphere (you & weather) • Stratosphere (jet planes & weather balloon. • Mesosphere (meteorites) • Thermosphere (ionosphere-space shuttle & northern lights) (exosphere-satellite) 98-100 Know the air masses. • • • • Maritime polar (water-cold) Maritime tropical (water-warm) Continental polar (land-cold) Continental tropical (land-warm)