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Weather Factors
Table of Contents
Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
Heat Transfer
Winds
Water in the Atmosphere
Precipitation
Weather Factors - Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
Sequencing
As you read, make a flowchart that shows how the sun’s
energy reaches Earth’s surface.
How Earth’s Atmosphere Gets Energy
Sun gives off energy.
Energy travels to Earth as electromagnetic radiation.
Some of the sun’s energy is reflected back into space
or absorbed by gases or particles in the air.
The remaining energy is absorbed or reflected by the
surface.
Much of the energy absorbed by the surface is radiated
back into the atmosphere.
Weather Factors
Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
Energy From the Sun Pg. 560-561
1. Nearly half of the energy in Earth’s atmosphere
comes from the sun.
False- all of the energy
2. Energy from the sun travels to Earth as ____.
electromagnetic waves
3. Electromagnetic waves are classified according
to wavelength, or the distance between waves.
True
Weather Factors - Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
Energy From the Sun
Most of the energy from the sun travels to Earth in the form
of visible light and infrared radiation. A small amount arrives
as ultraviolet radiation.
Weather Factors
Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
4. The direct transfer of energy by electromagnetic
waves is called _____.
radiation
5. Visible light
A. It is a mixture of all the colors of the
rainbow.
6. Infrared radiation
C. It has wavelengths that are longer
than those of red light.
Weather Factors
Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
7. Ultraviolet radiation
B. It has wavelengths that are shorter
than those of violet light.
8. What causes the different colors of visible light?
The different colors of visible light are the
result of different wavelengths.
9. Red light has a shorter wavelength than blue
light.
False- longer wavelength
Weather Factors
Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
10.
•
•
•
Sentences that are true about infrared radiation
It is invisible.
It can be felt as heat.
It has longer wavelengths than red light.
11. Sentences true about ultraviolet radiation.
• It can cause skin cancer and eye damage.
•
It can cause sunburns.
Weather Factors - Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
Energy in the Atmosphere
Some sunlight is absorbed or reflected by the atmosphere.
The rest passes through to the surface.
Weather Factors
Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
Energy in the Atmosphere Pg. 562
12. What happens to energy from the sun that is
neither reflected nor absorbed by the
atmosphere?
It can pass through the atmosphere to the
surface.
13. What absorbs energy from the sun in the
atmosphere?
Water vapor, carbon dioxide, clouds, dust,
and other gases absorb energy from the sun in
the atmosphere.
Weather Factors
Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
14. What reflects energy from the sun in the
atmosphere?
Clouds, dust particles, and gases reflect
energy from the sun.
15. Reflection of light in all directions is called___.
scattering
16. Sentences that are true about scattering.
• Scattered light is bluer than ordinary sunlight.
• Scattering explains why the daytime sky looks
blue.
Weather Factors
Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
Energy at Earth’s Surface Pg. 563
17. Energy that is absorbed by the land and water
is changed into ___.
heat
18. When Earth’s surface is heated, it radiates most
of the energy back into the atmosphere as
ultraviolet radiation.
False- infrared radiation
Weather Factors
Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
19. What absorbs most of the energy that is radiated
from Earth’s surface?
Water vapor, carbon dioxide, clouds, dust,
and other gases in the air absorb most of the
energy that is radiated from Earth’s surface.
Weather Factors - Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
Greenhouse Effect
When Earth’s surface is
heated, it radiates most of the
energy back into the
atmosphere as infrared
radiation. Much of this energy
is held by the atmosphere,
warming it.
Weather Factors
Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
20. The process by which gases hold heat
in the air is called the ____.
greenhouse effect
21.The greenhouse effect is a natural
process.
True
Weather Factors - Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
Links on Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
Click the SciLinks button for links on energy in Earth’s
atmosphere.
Weather Factors
End of Section:
Energy in Earth’s
Atmosphere
Weather Factors - Heat Transfer
Outlining
As you read, make an outline
about how heat is transferred.
Use the red headings for the
main topics and the blue
headings for the subtopics.
Heat Transfer
I. Thermal Energy and
Temperature
A. Measuring Temperature
B. Temperature Scales
II. How Heat Is Transferred
A. Radiation
B. Conduction
C. Convection
D. Heating the Troposphere
Weather Factors - Heat Transfer
Temperature and the
Movement of Molecules
The iced tea is cold, so its molecules move slowly. The
herbal tea is hot, so its molecules move faster than the
molecules in the iced tea.
Weather Factors
Heat Transfer
Thermal Energy and Temperature Pg.567
1. The faster the particles of a substance are
moving, the more energy they have.
True
2. The total energy of motion in the particles of a
substance is called ____.
thermal energy
3. The average amount of energy of motion of each
particle of a substance is called ___
temperature
Weather Factors
Heat Transfer
4. Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold a
substance is.
True
5. Air temperature is usually measured with a ___.
thermometer
Weather Factors
Heat Transfer
6. How does a thermometer work?
When the temperature increases the liquid in
the bulb expands and rises in the column. When
the temperature decreases the liquid contracts
and moves down the column.
7. Compare/Contrast table
On the Celsius scale the freezing point of water
is a. 0 degrees and the boiling point of water is
b. 100 degrees. On the Fahrenheit scale the
freezing point of water is c. 32 degrees and the
boiling point of water is d. 212 degrees.
Weather Factors
Heat Transfer
7. e. Is 50 degrees hotter on a Celsius or on a
Fahrenheit scale? Explain your answer by
comparing the numbers in the table.
50 degrees is hotter on a Celsius scale. 50
degrees is midway between 0 degrees and 100
degrees. On a Fahrenheit scale, 50 degrees is
much closer to 32 degrees than 212 degrees.
Weather Factors - Heat Transfer
Converting Units
Temperatures in weather reports are usually given in
Fahrenheit scale, but scientists use the Celsius scale.
Temperature readings can be converted from the Fahrenheit
scale to the Celsius scale using the following equation:
If the temperature is 68ºF, what is the temperature in
degrees Celsius?
ºC = 20ºC
Weather Factors - Heat Transfer
Converting Units
Practice Problem
Use the equation to convert the following temperature from
Fahrenheit to Celsius.
35.0ºF
1.67ºC
Weather Factors - Heat Transfer
Converting Units
Practice Problem
Use the equation to convert the following temperature from
Fahrenheit to Celsius.
60.0ºF
15.6ºC
Weather Factors - Heat Transfer
Converting Units
Practice Problem
Use the equation to convert the following temperature from
Fahrenheit to Celsius.
72.0ºF
22.2ºC
Weather Factors
Heat Transfer
How Heat Is Transferred Pg. 568-569
8.
The energy transferred from a hotter object to a
cooler one is referred to as ___.
heat
9. Radiation is the direct transfer of energy by
electromagnetic waves.
True
10. The direct transfer of heat from one substance to
another substance that it is touching is called___.
conduction
Weather Factors
Heat Transfer
11. Sentences that are true about conduction.
• It works well in some solids.
• It works well in metals.
12. The transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid
is called ____.
convection
13. Radiation
C- feeling the sun’s warmth on your face.
Weather Factors
Heat Transfer
14. Conduction
B- burning your bare feet on hot sand.
15. Convection
A- Warm water rising in a pot on a stove.
Weather Factors - Heat Transfer
16.
How Heat Is Transferred
Heat is transferred in three ways: radiation, conduction, and
convection.
Weather Factors
Heat Transfer
17. The troposphere is heated mainly by _____.
convection
18. The upward movement of warm air and the
downward movement of cool air form _____.
convection currents
Weather Factors - Heat Transfer
Links on Heat Transfer
Click the SciLinks button for links on heat transfer.
Weather Factors - Heat Transfer
Heat Transfer
Click the Video button to watch a movie about heat transfer.
Weather Factors
End of Section:
Heat Transfer
Weather Factors - Winds
Relating Cause and Effect
As you read, identify how the unequal heating of the
atmosphere causes the air to move. Write the information in
a graphic organizer like the one below.
Effects
Warm air expands, becomes
less dense, and rises.
Cause
Cold, more dense air sinks.
Unequal heating of the
atmosphere
Dense cold air has a higher
pressure than less dense warm
air. Wind blows from areas of
higher pressure to areas of
lower pressure.
Weather Factors
Winds
What is Wind? Pg. 571
1. The horizontal movement of air from an area of
high pressure to an area of lower pressure is
referred to as ____.
wind
2. Winds are caused by differences in air pressure.
True
3. wind vane
B- measure wind direction.
4. anemometer
A- measure wind speed.
Weather Factors
Winds
5. A south wind blows toward the south.
False- north
6. The increased cooling that a wind can cause is
called the____.
wind-chill factor
7. Why does the wind blowing over your skin make
you feel colder?
The wind makes you feel cooler because it is
removing body heat.
Weather Factors
Winds
Local Winds Pg. 572
8. Winds that blow over short distances are called
____.
local winds
9. What causes local winds?
Local winds are caused by unequal heating of
Earth’s surface within a small area.
10. Sentences that are true about the unequal
heating of land and water.
• Land warms up faster than water.
Weather Factors
Winds
11. Label the drawings:
A. A sea breeze is wind blowing from the sea that
is caused by cooler air moving from the sea to take
the place of warmer air on the land.
B. A land breeze is wind blowing from the land that
is caused by cooler air moving from the land to take
the place of warmer air on the sea.
Weather Factors
Winds
Global Winds Pg. 573
12. Winds that blow steadily from specific directions
over long distances are called ____.
global winds
13. Sentences that are true about global winds.
• They are created by unequal heating of Earth’s
surface.
• They are produced by the movement of air
between the equator and the poles.
• They curve because of Earth’s rotation.
Weather Factors - Winds
Angle of the Sun’s Rays
Energy from the sun strikes Earth most directly near the
equator. Near the poles, the same amount of energy is
spread out over a larger area.
Weather Factors - Winds
Coriolis Effect
As Earth rotates, the
Coriolis effect turns winds
in the Northern
Hemisphere toward the
right.
Weather Factors
Winds
14. As Earth rotates, the Coriolis Effect causes
winds in the Northern Hemisphere to turn
toward the ____.
right
Weather Factors - Winds
Global Wind Belts
A series of wind belts
circles Earth. Between
the wind belts are calm
areas where air is rising
or falling.
Weather Factors
Winds
Global Wind Belts Pg. 574-576
15. The calm areas around the Earth include the
_____ and the _____.
doldrums and horse latitudes.
16. Compare/Contrast Table
Trade winds- blow from the northeast in the
northern hemisphere and the southeast in the
southern hemisphere.
Prevailing westerlies- blow from the southwest in
the northern hemisphere and from the northwest in
the southern hemisphere.
Weather Factors
Winds
16. cont. Polar easterlies- blow away from the poles.
d. Suppose you were sailing across the Pacific
Ocean from central America to Asia just above the
equator. Which winds would help speed you on
your way?
Trade winds
17. Sentences that are true about jet streams.
• They are hundreds of kilometers wide.
• They blow at speeds of 200 to 400 kilometers per
hour.
Weather Factors - Winds
Global Winds Activity
Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and
access Active Art about global winds.
Weather Factors - Winds
Jet Streams
The jet streams are high-speed bands of winds occurring at
the top of the troposphere.
Weather Factors - Winds
Convection Currents
Click the Video button to watch a movie about
convection currents.
Weather Factors
End of Section:
Winds
Weather Factors - Water in the Atmosphere
Water Cycle Activity
Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and
access Active Art about the water cycle.
Weather Factors - Water in the Atmosphere
Asking Questions
Before you read, preview the red headings. In a graphic
organizer like the one below, ask a what or how question for
each heading. As you read, write answers to your questions.
Question
Answer
How does the water cycle work?
Water evaporates from the surface,
condenses to form clouds, and falls to
Earth as rain or snow.
What is relative humidity?
The percentage of water vapor in the air
compared to the maximum amount air
can hold at that temperature
How do clouds form?
Water in the air condenses on tiny
particles in the air to form liquid water or
crystals.
Can you determine weather
conditions by looking at clouds?
Yes; each type of cloud is associated
with a particular type of weather.
Weather Factors
Water in the Atmosphere
Introduction Pg. 578
1. The process by which water molecules in liquid
water escape into the air as water vapor is called
_____.
evaporation
2. What is the water cycle?
The water cycle is the movement of water
between the atmosphere and Earth’s surface.
3. A measure of the amount of water vapor in the air
is ____.
humidity
Weather Factors
Water in the Atmosphere
4. What is relative humidity?
It is the percentage of water vapor that is
actually in the air compared to the amount of water
vapor that air can hold at a particular temperature.
5. Sentences that are true about relative humidity.
• It is a percentage.
• It depends on air temperature.
Weather Factors
Water in the Atmosphere
6. Relative humidity can be measured with a ____.
psychrometer
7. Sentences that are true about how a
psychrometer works.
• When relative humidity is high, there is not much
difference between the wet-bulb and dry-bulb
thermometer readings.
Weather Factors - Water in the Atmosphere
Determining Relative Humidity
Relative humidity is affected by
temperature. Use the data table
to answer the following
questions. First, find the dry-bulb
temperature in the left column of
the table. Then find the
difference between the wet- and
dry-bulb temperatures across
the top of the table. The number
in the table where these two
readings intersect indicates the
relative humidity in percent.
Weather Factors - Water in the Atmosphere
Determining Relative Humidity
Interpreting Data:
At noon, the reading on a
sling psychrometer are 18ºC
for the dry-bulb thermometer
and 14ºC for the wet-bulb
thermometer. What is the
relative humidity?
64%
Weather Factors - Water in the Atmosphere
Determining Relative Humidity
Interpreting Data:
At 5 p.m., the psychrometer is
used again. The reading on
the dry-bulb thermometer is
12ºC and the reading on the
wet-bulb thermometer is
11ºC. Determine the new
relative humidity.
88%
Weather Factors - Water in the Atmosphere
Determining Relative Humidity
Interpreting Data:
How did the temperature
change between noon and
5 P.M.?
It decreased from 18 degrees
to 12 degrees.
Weather Factors - Water in the Atmosphere
Determining Relative Humidity
Interpreting Data:
How did the relative humidity
change during the course of
the day?
It increased.
Weather Factors - Water in the Atmosphere
Determining Relative Humidity
Drawing Conclusions:
How was the relative humidity
affected by air temperature?
Explain your answer.
For the same amount of water
in the air, as the temperature
decreases, the relative
humidity increases. Warm air
can hold more moisture than
cool air can.
Weather Factors - Water in the Atmosphere
How Clouds Form
Clouds form when warm, moist air rises and cools. Water
vapor condenses on tiny particles to form liquid water or ice
crystals.
Weather Factors
Water in the Atmosphere
How Clouds Form Pg. 581
8. Clouds form when water vapor in the air
condenses to form liquid water or ice crystals.
True
9. Condensation
D- process by which molecules of water
vapor become liquid water.
10. Dew point
C- temperature at which condensation
begins.
Weather Factors
Water in the Atmosphere
11. Dew
B- water that condenses from the air onto a
cooler surface.
12. Frost
A- ice that has been deposited on a surface
with a temperature that is below freezing.
Weather Factors
Water in the Atmosphere
13. Sentences that are true about condensation of
water vapor.
• It can occur on cold surfaces.
• It explains why clouds form.
• It can form on dust particles.
Weather Factors - Water in the Atmosphere
Types of Clouds
Scientists classify clouds
into three main types based
on their shape: cirrus,
cumulus, and stratus.
Clouds are further classified
by their altitude.
Weather Factors
Water in the Atmosphere
Types of Clouds Pg. 582-584
14. Cumulus clouds
A- fair weather
15. Nimbostratus clouds
D- drizzle, rain, or snow
16. Cirrocumulus clouds
B- storm on the way
17. Cumulonimbus clouds
C- thunderstorms
Weather Factors
Water in the Atmosphere
18. Sentences that are true about cloud types.
• Cumulonimbus and nimbostratus clouds produce
rain or snow.
• Cirrus clouds are made up of ice crystals.
Weather Factors
End of Section:
Water in the
Atmosphere
Weather Factors
Precipitation
Introduction Pg. 585
1. What is precipitation?
Precipitation is any form of water that falls
from clouds and reaches Earth’s surface.
2. All clouds produce precipitation.
False
Weather Factors
Precipitation
3. Compare/Contrast Table
Rain –
drops of water at least 0.5mm in diameter.
Sleetice particles smaller than 5mm in diameter.
Hailice pellets larger than 5mm in diameter.
Weather Factors
Precipitation
3. d. How are rain, sleet, and hail similar and how
are they different?
Rain, sleet, and hail are similar in that they
are all composed of water. They are different in
that they are different sizes; rain is water in liquid
form, but sleet and hail are in solid form as ice.
e. Order the sizes of rain, sleet, and hail from
smallest to largest.
rain, sleet , and hail
f. Which type of precipitation typically causes the
most damage when it hits the ground?
Hail would cause the most damage
Weather Factors - Precipitation
Water Droplets
Droplets come in many sizes. A raindrop has about one
million times as much water in it as a cloud droplet.
Weather Factors - Precipitation
How Hail Forms
Hailstones start as small pellets of ice in cumulonimbus
clouds. They grow larger as they are repeatedly tossed up
and down until they become so heavy they fall to the ground.
Weather Factors
Precipitation
4. The most common kind of precipitation is snow.
False - rain
5. How do mist and drizzle differ from rain?
Mist and drizzle are made up of smaller drops
of water than is rain.
6. How can freezing rain cause power failures?
Freezing rain freezes and builds up as ice on
tree branches, which can then break onto power
lines, causing power failure.
Weather Factors
Precipitation
7. Sleet
D- raindrops that freeze into tiny particles of
ice as they fall through the air
8. Freezing rain
C- raindrops that freeze after they hit the
ground or other cold surfaces
9. Hail
B- ice pellets that add layers of ice as they are
carried up and down in a cumulonimbus cloud
Weather Factors
Precipitation
10. Snow
A- Water vapor in a cloud is converted
directly into ice crystals.
11. What damage can large hailstones do?
They can cause tremendous damage to
crops, building, and vehicles.
12. Long periods of unusually low precipitation are
called ____.
droughts
Weather Factors
Precipitation
13. Sentences that are true about cloud seeding.
• It has been used since the 1940’s to try to
produce rain during droughts.
• It adds tiny particles to clouds so water vapor can
condense.
• It has not been very successful to date in
producing precipitation.
Weather Factors
Precipitation
Measuring Precipitation Pg. 588-589
14. Meteorologists often collect rainfall with
a(n)____.
rain gauge
15. On average, 10 centimeters of snow contains
about the same amount of water as 5 centimeters of
rain.
False- it has 1 centimeter of rain
Weather Factors - Precipitation
Measuring Precipitation
Scientists measure precipitation with various instruments,
including rain gauges.
Weather Factors
Precipitation
Key Terms
Down
1. Heat
2. Scattering
4. Convection
7. Stratus
Across
3. Sea
5. Temperature
6.
8.
9.
10.
Droughts
Anemometer
Humidity
Cirrus
Weather Factors - Precipitation
Using Prior Knowledge
Before you read, look at the section headings and visuals to
see what this section is about. Then write what you know
about precipitation in a graphic organizer like the one below.
As you read, write what you learn.
1.
2.
1.
2.
What You Know
Precipitation can be rain or snow.
Precipitation comes from clouds.
What You Learned
Sleet, freezing rain, and hail are forms of precipitation.
Droplets or ice crystals in clouds must grow heavy enough to
fall through the air before precipitation occurs.
Weather Factors - Precipitation
Links on Precipitation
Click the SciLinks button for links on precipitation.
Weather Factors
End of Section:
Precipitation
Weather Factors
Graphic Organizer
Earth’s winds
include
include
Local winds
Global
winds
two types
three types
Sea breeze
Land breeze
Trade winds
Prevailing
westerlies
Polar
easterlies
Weather Factors
End of Section:
Graphic Organizer