Download Chapter 13: Atmosphere & Climate Change

Chapter 13: Atmosphere &
Climate Change
Section 1:
Climate & Climate Change
Objectives
• Explain the difference between weather
and climate.
• Identify four factors that determine
climate.
• Explain why different parts of the Earth
have different climates.
• Explain what causes the seasons
Climate
• _______ is the
_______ weather
_______ in an
area _____ a
long period of
time.
Climate
• Climate is determined by a variety of
factors that include ______, atmospheric
circulation patterns, oceanic circulation
patterns, the local geography of an area,
_____ ______, and ______ _______.
Climate
• The most
important of
these factors is
______ ____
the ______.
Latitude
• _______ is the
distance ____ or
_____ from the
_______ and is
expressed in
degrees.
Latitude
• The equator is located at _°
latitude.
• The most northerly latitude
is the North Pole, at __°
north, whereas the most
southerly latitude is the
South Pole, at 90° _____.
Latitude
• Latitude ______ ______ climate because
the _____ of _____ _____ an area of the
Earth receives depends on its latitude.
Low Latitudes
• _____ solar energy falls on areas ____ the
equator than on areas closer to the poles.
• The incoming solar energy is concentrated
on a small surface at the equator.
Low Latitudes
• In ____ ____ the
_______, night and
day are ____ about
__ _____ long
throughout the year.
Low Latitudes
• In addition,
________ are
____ yearround, and
there are __
_______ or
______.
High Latitudes
• In regions _____ to the _____, the sun is
_______ in the sky, _______ the ______
of ______ arriving at the surface.
• In the northern and southern latitudes,
sunlight hits the Earth at an _____ _____
and spreads over a ______ surface area
than it does at the equator.
High Latitudes
• ______ _______ ________ near the poles
are therefore ______ than they are at the
equator.
High Latitudes
• At 45° north and south latitude, there is as
much as __ ____ of ________ each day
during the ______ and as little as _ ____
of _______ each day in the ______.
High Latitudes
• Near the poles, the sun sets for only a few
hours each day during the summer and
rises for only a few hours each day during
the winter.
• Thus, the yearly temperature range near
the poles is very large.
Low and High Latitudes
Atmospheric Circulation
• Cold air _____ because it is _____ than
warm air. As the air sinks, it ______ and
_______.
• Warm air _____. It expands and cools as
it rises.
• Warm air can hold _____ water vapor
than cold air can. Therefore, when warm
air cools, the water vapor it contains may
condense into liquid water to form rain,
snow, or fog.
Atmospheric Circulation
• _____ energy heats the ground, which
warms the air above it. This warm air
rises, and cooler air moves in to replace it.
This _______ of air within the atmosphere
is called _____.
Atmospheric Circulation
Atmospheric Circulation
• Because the Earth ______, and because
different latitudes receive different
amounts of solar energy, a ______ of
global atmospheric circulation results.
• This circulation pattern _______ Earth’s
__________ patterns.
Global Circulation Patterns
• Cool air normally sinks, but cool air over
the equator ______ ______ because hot
air is rising up below it. This cool air is
______ _____ from the equator toward the
North and South Poles where it
__________ at about 30º north latitude
and 30º south latitude.
Global Circulation Patterns
• Some of the air _____ back to the Earth’s
surface and becomes warmer as it
descends. This warm, dry air then moves
across the _______ and causes water to
_________ from the land below, _____
___ _______.
Global Circulation Patterns
• At about __º north and __º south latitudes,
this air ______ with cold air traveling from
the poles.
Prevailing Winds
• Winds that blow ________ in one direction
throughout the year are called _________
_____.
Prevailing Winds
• Because of the rotation of the Earth, these
winds __ ___ blow directly northward or
southward.
• Instead, they are _______ to the ____ in
the _______ Hemisphere and to the ___ in
the ________ Hemisphere.
Prevailing Winds
• Belts of prevailing winds are produced in
both hemispheres between 30º north and
south latitude and the equator.
• These belts of winds are called the _____
_____.
• The trade winds blow from the _______ in
the Northern Hemisphere and from the
__________ in the Southern Hemisphere.
Prevailing Winds
• Prevailing winds known as the _______
are produced between 30º and 60º north
latitude and 30º and 60º south latitude.
• In the Northern Hemisphere, these are
southwest winds, and in the Southern
Hemisphere, these winds are northwest
winds.
• The _____ _______ blow from the poles
to 60º north and south latitude.
Oceanic Circulation
• Ocean currents have a
great effect on climate
because water holds
____ _____ of ____.
Oceanic Circulation
• The _______ of ______ ocean _______ is
caused mostly by ______ and the rotation
of the Earth.
• These surface currents _________ warm
and cool masses of water around the
world and in doing so, they affect the
climate in many parts of the world.
El Niño–Southern Oscillation
• ___ _____ is the warm phase of the El
Niño–Southern Oscillation.
• It is the _____ occurrence in the _____
______ Ocean in which the surface-water
temperature becomes _______ ____.
El Niño–Southern Oscillation
• During El Niño, winds in the western
Pacific Ocean (which are usually weak)
strengthen and push warm water
eastward.
El Niño–Southern Oscillation
• ______ follows this warm water eastward
and produces _______ _______ in the
_________ half on the ____, but _____ in
________ and ________.
El Niño–Southern Oscillation
• ___ _____ is the _____ phase of the El
Niño–Southern oscillation. It is the periodic
occurrence in the eastern Pacific Ocean in
which the surface water temperature
becomes unusually ____.
Pacific Decadal Oscillation
• The ______ _______ _______ ___ is a
____-_____, 20 to 30 year _____ in the
________ of warm and cold water masses
in the Pacific Ocean.
• PDO _______ the climate in the northern
Pacific Ocean and North America.
• It affects ocean surface temperatures, air
temperatures, and precipitation patterns.
Topography
• Height above sea level (______) has an
important effect on climate. Temperatures
fall by about __°C (about 11°F) for every
1,000 m increase in elevation.
• Mountain ranges also influence the
distribution of precipitation. This effect is
known as a ____ _____.
Other Influences on Earth’s
Climate
• Both the ___ and ______ ______
influence Earth’s climate.
• At a solar _______, the sun emits an
increased amount of ultraviolet (UV)
radiation. UV radiation produces more
_____, which ______ the stratosphere.
Other Influences on Earth’s
Climate
• In large-scale volcanic eruptions, ______
_______ gas can reach the upper
atmosphere, where it can remain for up to
__ years.
• The sulfur dioxide, reacts with smaller
amounts of water vapor and dust in the
___________, forming a bright layer of
haze.
Other Influences on Earth’s
Climate
• This layer of haze
______ enough
sunlight to cause
the global
temperature to
_______.
Seasonal Changes in Climate
• The _______ result
from the ____ of the
Earth’s ___, which is
about 23.5° relative
to the plane of its
orbit.
Seasonal Changes in Climate
• Because of this
tilt the angle at
which the sun’s
rays strike the
Earth changes
as the Earth
moves around
the sun.
Seasonal Changes in Climate
• During _____ in the Northern Hemisphere,
the Earth tilts _____ the sun and receives
direct sunlight. Therefore, the amount of
time available for the sun to heat the Earth
becomes greater.
• During summer in the Northern
Hemisphere, the _______ Hemisphere tilts
____ from the sun and receives less direct
sunlight.
Seasonal Changes in Climate
• During the summer in the Southern
Hemisphere, the situation is reversed.
• Example: Christmas in Australia and
Panama = a sunny day at the beach.
End of section 1
Review q’s:
1,2,6,7,10,11,19,
20,26 and 27