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Earth’s Circulation Atmospheric Circulation Ocean Circulation Circulation is the way Earth moves ocean water and atmosphere General Circulation of the Atmosphere: start with surface winds Surface Winds: Follow Pressures • Flow high to low • Coriolis • Friction First step – naming winds Trade Winds Flow to the Intertropical Convergence Zone Hadley Cells • Touch at ITCZ • Rising air over Doldrums • Fed by Easterly Trade Winds Trade Winds Carry Dust Dust Plume blowing from the east Mali Classroom Resource Watch trade winds flow from east to west, Different visuals of flow of moisture Your tropical vacation and the trade winds ITCZ: Rain Maker Lion King: Rain Came from ITCZ movement, following the sun Classroom Resources Watch ITCZ move north and south Sahel: at the margin of the ITCZ, so some years lots some little Descending air A big cause of deserts is descending air, right under subtropical high Subtropical High Pressures are “centered” in oceans Classroom Resource Watch westerly winds flow from west to east Different visuals of flow of moisture Polar Front: zone of storms from convergence of westerly winds and polar easterly winds Polar Easterlies -Flowing from Polar High to Polar Front (low) Air descends Prof. Cerveny’s Study Guide Now – add the vertical in 3D Continents break up the high pressures and make reality look more like circulation cells 3D cross section tells the story: rain – rising air dry – descending air “center” of the precipitation peaks are the belts of low pressure: ITCZ and the 2 polar fronts Jet Streams direct our storms Different Patterns For Arizona to get winter rains, needs: • Winter time for jet stream to shift south For Arizona to get winter rains, needs: • Meriodional pattern • The “trough” to be over Az Polar Jet separates cold/warm Cold outbreaks in East when jet moves in cold air Ocean Circulation around Gyres warm currents transport energy Surplus in Tropics moved to higher latitudes by warm currents Larger Picture Classroom Resources Gulf Stream 3D perspective What would happen if Gulf Stream slowed or didn’t go far enough? Gulf stream & North Atlantic Drift Classroom Resource It happened in Younger Dryas “The Day After”: decades not days Classroom Resource Cold Currents: Upwelling & Rich Nutrients result in Marine Resources Classroom Resources Movie with labels Focus on Peru to introduce El Nino Classroom Resources ENSO: El Nino Southern Oscillation “Normal” or more typical (La Nina is the more normal state) Trade winds push warm water & storms to East Pacific Part of the “Walker Cell” Trade winds and warm water supplies energy (storms) to Northern Australia and Indonesia, while Peru is dry from descending air ENSO: El Nino Southern Oscillation • Trade winds decrease • warmth & storms move eastward against South America • Upwelling ceases • Marine food chain collapse A Flip-flop across the South Pacific (pressures oscillate) ENSOred On Average 7 yrs apart In review: In review: Online Resources El Nino/La Nina Visualizations http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/visualization/collections/elnin o_lanina.html Oceanography Animations http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/visualization/collections/ocea nography.html Ocean Upwelling and Circulation http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/visualization/collections/circul ation_upwellings.html Ocean Surface Currents http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/visualization/collections/surfa cecurrents.html Circulation is the way Earth moves ocean water and atmosphere Imagery seen in this presentation is courtesy of Ron Dorn and other ASU colleagues, students and colleagues in other academic departments, individual illustrations in scholarly journals such as Science and Nature, scholarly societies such as the Association of American Geographers, city,state governments, other countries government websites and U.S. government agencies such as NASA, USGS, NRCS, Library of Congress, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service USAID and NOAA.