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China Early Dynasties, Beliefs Dynastic China • Chinese history can be divided into dynasties: – Dynasty: Series of rulers from the same family – Dynastic rule: 1650-1911 • This lesson will cover early Chinese dynasties, prior to 1300’s. Dynastic China • Shang Dynasty – Shang was China’s earliest known dynasty, 1650 BC – King was seen as link between heaven and earth. – Writing system developed – Calendar created. Dynastic China • Zhou Dynasty: ruled for 900 yrs beginning in 1027. – Key development: Mandate of Heaven • Heaven granted a ruler the right or “mandate” to rule • People owed their loyalty to ruler. • Ruler had power and responsibility • “Dynastic Cycle” – Period of Warring States: About 700 BC, powerful lords set up their own independent states: Dynastic China • Qin Dynasty: 221 BC – 1st Emperor: Shi Huangdi • • • • Single law code Standard weights and measures Road building Built Great Wall: used forced labor. (actually joined and extended already existing walls) – “Every stone cost a human life” Dynastic China • Han Dynasty: 202 BC-AD 220 – Liu Bang, peasant leader overthrew the Qin. – Trade expanded – Buddhism introduced into China. – Restored Confucian learning: • Civil Service System: The best and brightest work for government. – Paper, foot stirrup, wheel barrow, acupuncture, medical colleges Dynastic China • Tang Dynasty (618-906) and the Song Dynasty (960-1279) – Trade increased – Strong Navy • Ships: sternpost rudder and magnetic compass Dynastic China • Under Mongol rule – By 1279 Mongols ruled all of China – Adopted some Chinese culture. – Famous Mongols: Genghis Khan and Kubilai Khan • Chinese people resented foreign rule – 1368 Zhu Yuanzhang, peasant leader, drove Mongols out of China. • He started the Ming Dynasty China • Philosophies – Confucianism: • • • • Founder: Confucius, born 551 during period of chaos Developed ideas on how to restore peace and harmony Teaching were collected in a book: The Analects Major Teaching: 5 Key Relationships – – – – – – Ruler-ruled Father-son Older brother-younger brother Husband-wife Friend-friend **Filial Piety: duty and respect owed Living roles properly would insure peace and stability and restore order to parents by kids. China • Taoism (Daoism) – Founder: Lao Zi: how to regain order? – People and nature linked. – Do nothing contrary to nature – Confucian rules disturb natural order – Simplicity: best government has fewest rules • Live simply, close to nature China • Legalism: – Shaped early China’s history – Han Fei Zi: 281-233 BC – famous legalist writer. Part of ruling family. – People respond to rewards and punishments – “Only harsh laws from a strong ruler ensure order in society” – In 221 BC the Qin used Legalist ideas to unite China. Buddhism • • • • Began in India Founder: Siddhartha Gautama (563-483 BC) Spread to China in 1st century AD. Appealed to Chinese: – It offered an escape from sufferings of life. – Promised salvation for the good and punishment for the wicked. – In time Buddhism blended with Chinese values such as Confucian ideas of proper behavior and respect for family Buddhism • Main teaching: People suffer as a result of their own desires. • How to end suffering – 4 Noble Truths • • • • Life is suffering Cause of suffering is desire Suffering ends when desire ends Enlightenment is reached by following the 8 Fold Path Buddhism • 8 Fold Path: Middle Path – Right view – Right intention – Right speech – Right action – Right livelihood – Right effort – Right mindfulness – Right concentration WISDOM ETHICAL CONDUCT MENTAL EVELOPMENT