Download 9.4 Notes

9-4 How Can We Protect Wild Species from
Premature Extinction?
• Concept 9-4 We can reduce the rising rate of species
extinction and help to protect overall biodiversity by
establishing and enforcing national environmental
laws and international treaties, creating a variety of
protected wildlife sanctuaries, and taking
precautionary measures to prevent such harm.
International Treaties and National Laws
Help to Protect Species
• 1975 Convention on International Trade in
CITES
Endangered Species _______________
• Signed by _______
countries
175
• Bans the hunting, capturing, and selling of threatened
or endangered species
• Specifically lists…
900
• some _________
endangered species
• 5,000 animal and 28,000 plant species that are at risk
of becoming _________________
endangered
varies
• Limitations? Enforcement _____________
from
country to country
International Treaties and National Laws
Help to Protect Species
• Convention on Biological Diversity _______
(CBD)
• Focuses on _________________
ecosystems
• Includes efforts to prevent or control the spread of
________________
species
invasive
• Ratified by 191 countries (not the U.S.)…we are a
contributing member but ratification requires a
bill
_________
to be passed.
Endangered Species Act
(ESA)
• 1973 U.S. Endangered Species Act ______
• amended in 1982, 1985, and 1988
• Identifies and protects endangered species in the U.S.
and abroad
• National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) identifies
ocean
__________
species
• U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) identifies all
others
___________
Endangered Species Act (2)
defense
• Forbids federal agencies (except _____________)
from
funding or authorizing projects that jeopardize
endangered or threatened species
• 2010: ___________
species officially listed…for these
1,370
species, _____________
plans are developed
recovery
• Some success plans involve the American alligator,
gray wolf, peregrine falcon, bald eagle, and brown
pelican
incentives
• Provides economic _______________
for private land
owners to help save endangered species living on their
lands
Science Focus: Accomplishments of the
Endangered Species Act (1)
• ESA has many critics…has only removed 46 species
from the endangered list
• Four reasons ESA not a failure
critical
1. Species are listed only when in ___________
danger
- would be similar to telling a hospital that they are not
saving enough lives
decades
2. Takes ____________
to help endangered species
3. Conditions for more than half of listed species are
______________
or _________________
stable
improving
4. 2010 budget: spends only ____________
per
9 cents
American
Confiscated Products Made from Endangered Species
1/10 of the illegal
Due to a lack of funds, probably only _______
wildlife trade in the U.S. is discovered
Fig. 9-20, p. 210
Science Focus: Accomplishments of the
Endangered Species Act (2)
• Three ways to improve ESA
funding
1. Greatly increase _____________________
quickly
2. Develop recovery plans more ____________
core
3. When a species is first listed, establish the _________
of its habitat that’s critical for survival
• Most biologist agree that the U.S. needs a new law
to focus on sustaining biodiversity and ___________
ecosystem
health
________________
We Can Establish Wildlife Refuges
and Other Protected Areas
• First wildlife refuge was established in ______
1903 by
President Theodore Roosevelt at Pelican Island in
______________
to help protect the brown pelican
Florida
• Wildlife refuges
• Most are _______________
sanctuaries
wetland
• ____________
are needed for endangered plants
More
• Most do not receive enough funding to support their
staff
____________
• Could abandoned military lands be used for wildlife
habitats?
Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge
Fig. 9-21a, p. 211
Gene Banks, Botanical Gardens, and
Wildlife Farms Can Help Protect Species
• Gene or seed banks
• Preserve ____________
material of endangered
genetic
plants
• Drawbacks? Expensive to operate; can be destroyed
by fires or other mishaps
• Botanical gardens and arboreta
living
• Contain _____________
plants
• Drawbacks…too little space to try and contain all of
our endangered plant species
Farms
• __________
to raise organisms for commercial sale
instead of taking them from the wild
Zoos and Aquariums Can Protect
Some Species (1)
• Techniques for preserving endangered terrestrial
species
• Egg pulling…collecting ________
eggs
wild
• Captive breeding…________
(not economically
zoos
_______________)
feasible
• Artificial insemination
• Embryo transfer
• Use of incubators
• Cross-fostering….when the young of one rare species
similar
is raised by a _______________
species
What Can You Do? Protecting Species
Fig. 9-22, p. 213
Case Study: Trying to Save the
California Condor
• Largest North American bird…nearly extinct in the
22
early 1980s with only _______
remaining in the wild
• Threatened by lead poisoning from ____________
bullets
present in __________________
that they were
carcasses
eating
• Birds captured and breed in captivity
180
• By 2009, ________
in the wild…a total of 348
including captive populations
• Expensive project…$35 million so far
The Precautionary Principle
• Precautionary principle: ______
to prevent or
act
reduce harm when _____________
preliminary evidence
indicates acting is needed
• “Better safe than sorry”
• Preservation of species and ecosystems
Allocating limited resources/funds
Which species to focus on?
Most critical habitats?
Three Big Ideas
1. We are greatly increasing the extinction of wild
species by destroying and degrading their
_______________,
introducing harmful
habitats
invasive
_______________
species, and increasing human
pollution
growth
population _____________,
_______________,
change
climate _____________,
and _________________.
overexploitation
2. We should avoid causing the extinction of wild
species because of the ecological and economic
services
_________________
they provide and because
their existence should not depend primarily on
their usefulness to us.
Three Big Ideas
3. We can work to prevent the extinction of species
laws
and to protect overall biodiversity by using _______
and treaties, protecting wildlife _______________,
sanctuaries
and making greater use of the _________________
precautionary
principle.
Review Questions
• What two main international treaties are discussed
in this section?
CITES
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
CBD
Convention on Biological Diversity
• What are some methods for sustaining biodiversity
and protecting species?
Wildlife refuges, gene and seed banks, botanical gardens,
farms, egg pulling, captive breeding, artificial insemination,
cross-fostering